石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极电吸附处理含盐废水的研究

高盐废水是目前水处理领域的难点,作为一种新型的除盐技术,电吸附技术具有众多优点.本文研究了一种新型碳基复合材料,石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极,并考察了其应用于电吸附的影响因素和除盐效果.在电压为1.6 V,停留时间为60min,极板间距为1 cm时电吸附装置的除盐效果最优.用其分别对精制棉黑液和叶绿素铜钠废水进行了处理.电极对数为8对时对经酸析处理后的精制棉黑液的电导率和COD的去除率分别达到58.8%和75.6%;电极对数为6~8时对叶绿素铜钠生产废水的电导率的去除率能超过50.0%,COD的去除率约为13.5%.     

SOME CONJUNCTIVE DESALTING STUDIES EN THE UNITED KINGDOM1

ABSTRACT .Operating rule procedures are developed for the optimal use of desalination in conjunction with surface water impoundments. Results obtained from the use of hill-climbing and dynamic programming methods are compared. Benefits to be obtained from the integrated use of desalination are demonstrated through a case study for the Barcelona area of Spain.     

DESIGN OF DESALTING PLANTS FOR CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION1

ABSTRACT The selection of an evaporator design must reflect the balancing of captial cost (primarily in heat exchanger surface and vessels) against operating cost (primarily steam cost) to achieve minimum cost. In a conjunctive plant the tendency is to select a low-capital cost, high-operating cost plant. In addition, it is advantageous to use a high-capacity plant which needs to be operated much less of the time than a plant which is sized just at the needed rate. For example, in the study of a possible system to satisfy a future increase of 450 MGD in water supply to New York Qty, a plant of 750 MGD capacity was selected as optimum. This plant, of the advanced VTE-MSF process type, would have a performance ratio of 9 lb product/1000 Btu as compared to 10-13 normally used for base-loaded plants. Steam would be supplied by a multi-unit dual-purpose nuclear power plant. The most economical type of energy supply would be “interruptible”; the steam would be used by a low pressure turbine to generate electricity during periods of peak electrical demand but would be available to the desalting plant at other times. The low pressure turbine would be available as spinning reserve during desalting plant operation. It is estimated that the desalting plant would have a load factor of 27 per cent over its life.     

THE OPTIMAL TIME TO START THE OPERATION OF A DESALTING PLANT IN ISRAEL1

The study contains the methodology of finding the optimal time to start the operation of a desalting plant or any other non conventional source of water for agricultural use in Israel. The essence of the methodology is the moving equilibrium price and quantity of agricultural products. The market of agricultural products is represented by a single demand curve and a supply curve which is derived from the agricultural sector production function. Both the demand for and the supply of agricultural products functions are shifting over time. The marginal value product of water is the critical value that determines the optimal time of a desalting plant. The study is static in the sense that dynamic aspects per se are not dealt with-e.g. learning by doing of building and operating desalting plants. The empirical results although used for illustrative purposes can be used as reference points for other detailed and more ‘exact’ studies on water desalination.     

Feasibility Assessment of Basin Solar Stills

The present study assesses the feasibility of exploiting single- and double-basin solar stills in our daily lives. An investigation is carried out to determine the thermal performance and economic viability of making use of solar stills in water desalination. The climatic conditions of Tehran (35°44?N, 51°30?E) are considered to assess the feasibility of the basins. Transient energy and mass balance equations are utilized for modeling the thermal performance. The equations are solved by using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method in FORTRAN. The daily productivities of single- and double-basin solar stills are found to be 5.22 kg/m² and 7.73 kg/m², respectively, while the effect of different water masses (20–100 kg) on the productivity of each system was found to be optimum at 20 kg/m². The results are compared with experimental work performed under different climatic conditions to examine the validity of the feasibility of basins in general. A life cycle cost analysis performed for Tehran, yields that single- and double-basin solar stills have savings-to-investment ratios of 4.2 and 4.8, respectively, indicating that they are economically feasible.     

制备工艺对活性炭电极电吸附性能的影响

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极。研究了电极制备过程中黏结剂添加量、活性炭用量以及成型后活性炭的炭化温度和炭化时间对电吸附除盐性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了电极的表面形貌。结果表明:当活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品混合比例为8:1.8:0.2时,电极能够成型,随着黏结剂的比例增加,电极的除盐率降低;随着活性炭用量的增加,吸附平衡的时间增加,除盐率提高,但平衡吸附量降低,当NaCl浓度降低到一定程度时,再增加活性炭用量去除率变化变小,试验选定的活性炭用量为0.45g/片电极;随着炭化温度的升高和炭化时间的增长,活性炭电极电吸附除盐效果明显提高,850℃下炭化2h的电极炭化完全,除盐率是未炭化的电极除盐率的2.08倍。     

反渗透工艺在冷轧废水脱盐处理的应用

利用反渗透工艺对冷轧废水生化处理废水进行处理,获得了较好的脱盐效果。选取进水含盐量、回收率、pH值对系统脱盐率的影响。结果表明:当进水电导率为1 360μs/cm时,系统脱盐率可达94.7%;进水电导率为3 353μs/cm时,系统脱盐率为85.9%。当系统回收率低于77%时,除盐率受其影响较小在90%左右,但是若进一步增加系统回收率,则脱盐效果显著下降。当进水pH值越高脱盐效果越高,但为降低结垢风险,本系统进水pH值控制在7.1左右。     

火电厂海水淡化工艺的技术经济分析及选择

简述了膜法与低温多效蒸馏法海水淡化原理,对低温多效和多套反渗透海水淡化装置进行了技术经济比较分析,比较分析了其制水综合成本和运行成本。比较结果表明,低温多效法高于反渗透法,反渗透法海水淡化加一级反渗透与低温多效法相当。并且,对八角电厂2种待选海水淡化方案做了经济技术比较,最终确定了八角电厂的海水淡化方案。     

工程规模长填龄渗滤液膜生物-纳滤组合设施各单元污染物去除效能

填埋场渗滤液性质复杂,普遍采用生物处理与深度处理多单元串联工艺;但是,因缺乏对工程运行规模中各单元污染物处理贡献的评估数据,使优化单元组合方式缺少理论依据.因此,本文采用常规和荧光光谱指标结合的方法,对以采用"膜生物反应器（membrane biological reactor,MBR）+纳滤（nanofiltration,NF）"工艺、处理能力800 m³·d^-1的工程设施为对象,分析该组合工艺各单元对长填龄渗滤液处理贡献;同时,利用三维荧光-平行因子分析方法（excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor,EEM-PARAFAC）评估渗滤液中溶解性有机物（dissolved organic matters,DOM）性质的变化.结果表明,生物处理阶段对溶解性氮（dissolved nitrogen,DN）去除贡献率为74.7%,其中一级反硝化单元对DN去除贡献率为54.6%,外置式超滤单元对溶解性化学需氧量（dissolved chemical oxygen demand,sCOD）和溶解性碳（dissolved oganic carbon,DOC）降低贡献率分别为92.2%和93.3%,纳滤单元可有效去除重金属和盐分,但能力有限.通过追踪长填龄渗滤液DOM变化发现,一级反硝化单元可去除长填龄渗滤液中75.4%的类蛋白物质,超滤单元主要截留亲水性较高的DOM,而高芳香性的腐殖质主要通过纳滤截留,腐殖化程度越高截留效果越好.研究结果提示,处理长填龄渗滤液时,MBR工艺生物处理单元可适当简化,超滤单元则应预防堵塞.     

水合物法海水淡化脱盐效率研究

采用水合物生成装置分别加入二氧化碳和甲烷气体通过水合物法进行2组海水淡化实验。每组实验分别提取3次不同反应时间的水合物晶体,检测水合物中Na+、Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、B3+的离子浓度。结果表明:CH4水合物形成过程中,盐离子的脱盐效率与离子半径和所带电荷量呈线性相关性。CO2水合物生成实验中,由于Ca2+与CO2-3反应生成Ca CO3颗粒,故Ca2+离子浓度变化与离子半径和电荷量呈非线性关系。同时提出更全面的水合物法海水淡化中盐离子的排斥机制。较于反渗透传统方法,水合物法具有脱硼效果好的优势。