Strength and tightness evaluation method for pipe flange connections considering thermal effects

The pipe flange connection is widely applied in chemical, power plants, petrochemical, offshore oil and gas industries, and its strength and tightness are significant for the safe operation. However, there are still no practical and applicable strength and tightness evaluation methods for pipe flange connections working in dramatically varying temperatures. This paper proposed an approach to evaluate the pipeline's strength and sealing performance considering thermal effects in actual operating conditions by combining the experimental measurement and thermostructural analysis. The critical thermodynamic parameters are identified through measured temperature data in operating conditions, and then these parameters are used in the thermostructural analysis to obtain the actual temperature and stress fields. Then, the strength and tightness in complex temperature cases can be evaluated accurately. The pipe flange connection of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling station is analyzed to verify the presented method's effectiveness. This method applies to evaluating the pipeline's strength and tightness and can predict the pipeline's performances under extreme temperatures using the tested data within the measurement range and the corresponding thermostructural analysis. Furthermore, the work in this paper also provides a reference for the design and analysis of pipe flange connections working in complex temperature conditions.     

典型高混接率分流制排水泵站雨天放江污染特征研究

通过对上海市中心城区典型分流制系统z泵站汛期降雨放江水质水量分析,在调查系统服务区特点、泵站运行和开展现场实测的基础上,得出如下结论：（1）由于管网系统混接情况严重,加上高水位运行、雨前预抽空等原因,Z泵站汛期放江频率高,污染严重;（2）放江污染物的EMC在不同雨型情况下表现不同,溶解性污染物随降雨量的增大而降低,而包含悬浮物的污染指标呈先升后降的变化趋势,这主要与管道沉积物特征有关;（3）随着降雨量的增大,泵站的放江负荷量显著增加。在同等降雨条件下,前峰雨使得泵站放江污染负荷远大于后峰雨;（4）受雨型与预抽空的影响,不论小雨、中雨、大雨,SS初期效应均不显著;COD与TP主要来源于管道沉积污染物,初期效应显著;溶解态污染物初期效应显著,不受降雨雨量与雨型的影响;（5）为有效降低Z泵站降雨放江污染负荷,提出包括雨污混接改造、优化泵站运行、提高截流能力、疏通管道等措施在内的污染控制策略。     

高速动能弹撞击装甲结构引起的螺栓连接失效及部件过载损伤研究

目的 验证和揭示高速动能弹对装甲结构的损伤机理。方法 聚焦高速动能弹打击装甲目标时,弹道冲击造成的靶标结构连接失效及部件过载损伤这2种损伤效应,以典型螺栓连接为研究对象,采用高速球形弹丸撞击螺栓连接结构的小尺寸试验对数值模拟方法和材料模型参数进行校验。在此基础上,采用数值模拟和冲击响应谱分析方法对高速动能弹打击全尺寸坦克进行模拟分析,获得撞击过程螺栓连接失效特征、主要影响因素及坦克典型位置部件的冲击加速度曲线和冲击响应谱曲线。结果 在小尺寸试验中,动能输入为0.042MJ时,螺栓连接未发生失效;但25.6MJ动能输入全尺寸坦克时,螺栓发生断裂而使连接失效。数值模拟结果揭示了螺栓发生断裂的主要原因。结论 输入动能大小、连接螺栓直径、模拟设备部件质量和撞击位置为螺栓是否断裂的主要影响因素。坦克某些位置的冲击响应谱曲线高于军用标准给出的临界曲线的下限甚至上限,表明这些位置的部件因高过载损伤导致失效的概率较高。     

钢框架梁柱节点抗震性能拟静力试验研究

梁柱节点在钢框架结构中处于竖向荷载和水平荷载交汇关键部位,直接决定结构的受力性能和抗震能力。依托北京市档案馆新馆工程,根据工程需要和设计规范要求,对3个采用传统连接形式的钢框架梁柱节点,采取循坏加载的拟静力试验方法进行抗震性能研究,探讨了连接构造形式、冷作硬化效应和加载方案等对节点承载力、延性和破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明,传统连接形式节点具有承载力高、变形小、设计和施工简便的优点,但易发生脆性破坏;冷作硬化可以提高试件的承载力和变形能力,但不改变最终失效模式;加载方案对失效模式没有影响。     

Place attachment and flood preparedness

Does place attachment and the consequent emotional connections and ties that people have with environments affect their preparedness for natural disasters, such as floods? This study took up this research question for the understudied geographical region of Orissa, India. In particular, investigation focused on three kinds of place attachment, viz. economic, genealogical, and religious. Contextualized scales for place attachment and flood preparedness were developed for a survey. Data were collected from 300 residents in flood prone areas. Validity and reliability of the scales were established. Overall, place attachment was found to significantly influence flood preparedness. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine whether the three factors of place attachment influence flood preparedness. Controlling for confounding effects of age and family type, regression analysis revealed that people having genealogical and economic place attachment prepared for floods, but those with religious place attachment did not prepare for floods. The implications of these findings for future studies are described.     

Implementing landscape fragmentation as an indicator in the Swiss Monitoring System Of Sustainable Development (Monet)

There is an increasing need and interest in including indicators of landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems of sustainable landscape management. Landscape fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure and urban development threatens human and environmental well-being by noise and pollution from traffic, reducing the size and viability of wildlife populations, facilitating the spread of invasive species, and impairing the scenic and recreational qualities of the landscape. This paper provides the rationale, method, and data for including landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems, using as an example the Swiss Monitoring System of Sustainable Development (Monet). We defined and compared four levels of fragmentation analysis, or fragmentation geometries (FGs), each based on different fragmenting elements, e.g., only anthropogenic, or combinations of anthropogenic and natural elements. As each FG has specific strengths and weaknesses, the most appropriate choice of FG depends on the context and objectives of a study. We present data on the current degree of landscape fragmentation for the five ecoregions and 26 cantons in Switzerland for all four FGs. Our results show that the degree of landscape fragmentation as quantified by the effective mesh size method is strongly supported by the postulates and indicator selection criteria of Monet, and we identify the most suitable FG focusing on the land area below 2100 m (e.g., excluding lakes) and allowing for an equitable comparison of fragmentation degrees among regions that differ in area covered by lakes and high mountains. For a more detailed analysis of landscape fragmentation in the context of environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments, a combination of all four FGs may provide a more informative tool than any single FG.     

Crafting scholarly life: Strategies for creating meaning in academic careers

Job crafting, which occurs when individuals proactively make changes to their jobs, can be a useful tool for academics seeking more meaningful careers. We suggest changes to the cognitive, task, and relational aspects of academic jobs that can infuse scholarly work with more personal meaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental Activism in Provincial China

Environmental activism and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are not limited to major cities, but have gradually taken root in provincial and local politics in China. This paper compares the development and characteristics of environmental activism in Guangdong province and Guangxi autonomous region, with the aim of shedding light on the causes of regional disparities in this field. With extensive and strong ties to peer organizations across issue areas within the province, grassroots environmental groups in Guangdong have grown as an integral part of local civil society. They have survived, through mutual-support, on a larger scale than those in Guangxi. Also, with a higher level of networking and capacity, environmental NGOs in Guangdong are more able to utilize the new opportunities offered by recent institutional reforms in social management and environmental protection in the province. The paper, thus, challenges the argument that over-emphasizes the domination of the state and points out that inter-organizational partnerships and the overall maturity of the civil society sector contribute most to the uneven development of grassroots environmental activism.     

分流制泵站旱流放江对受纳河道水质的影响

为了探明分流制泵站旱流放江对受纳河道的影响,以上海市中心城区典型分流制系统Z泵站为例,研究了旱流放江对受纳河道水质的影响。结果显示:（1）受泵站放江的影响,河道COD、硫化物以及氨氮的增幅分别为0.23%～37.68%、7.4%～76.19%、10.60%～76.15%;（2）旱流放江污染物对河道水质的影响有显著差异,其中COD与氨氮浓度的下降主要源于水体的稀释扩散作用;而H₂S、FeS等硫化物浓度的降低则更多的受到氧化还原反应的影响;（3）Z泵站旱流放江对Z河水质的显著影响范围为泵站排放口上下游40 m范围内,对黄浦江水质的影响则总体不大。     

高温下钢及组合钢节点有限元建模及基于构件的分析方法(英文)

欧洲规范EC3 Part 1-1第5章[1]允许工程师使用一些先进的有限元分析软件来分析和设计钢结构,如线弹性、刚塑性以及二阶弹塑性整体分析。这3种极不相同的分析方法,能够用于简支、半连续以及连续节点模型中[2]。节点模型根据刚度的不同,可分为铰接、半刚性和刚性模型;按照强度的不同,可分为铰接、部分强度和全强度模型。尽管大多数的工程问题仅仅要求进行线弹性分析,但仍有一些特殊结构可能要求采用高级分析以降低施工成本,例如底层无支撑钢框架结构。在这种结构中,采用半连续节点(具有半刚度和部分强度特性)进行框架分析,会显著增强结构抵抗名义水平荷载、风荷载、整体缺陷、地震作用时的抗侧刚度和强度,因此在控制的水平荷载下计算的横向侧移可能在EC3允许的范围内。在基于性能的抗火设计中,结构抗火工程师可能想利用钢节点潜在的刚度和强度,尤其是有端板节点的钢结构,这是一种最常见的钢结构施工形式。端板可以是部分深度的,或者是延伸端板,涵盖了名义铰接、半刚性和完全刚性节点模型。本文给出了端板节点高温性能研究的一系列数值分析结果;应用基于构件的方法,建立了这些节点在高温下的力学反应计算公式,以及梁腹板剪应力分量、连接处的拉应力和压应力区域的力学模型。基于构件的方法能够考虑钢节点的热约束效应。对已有钢端板节点试验进行了有限元模拟和基于构件的分析表明,2种方法的分析结果与试验结果的偏差都是可接受的,包括热约束效应。