Female mate choice determines reproductive isolation between sympatric butterflies

Animal courtship rituals are important for species recognition, and a variety of cues might be utilized to recognize conspecific mates. In this paper, we investigate different species-recognition mechanisms between two sympatric butterfly sister species: the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) and Real’s wood white (Leptidea reali). We show that males of both species frequently court heterospecific females both under laboratory and field conditions. The long-lasting elaborate courtships impose energetic costs, since the second courtship of males that were introduced to two subsequent conspecific females lasted on average only one fourth as long as the first courtship. In this paper, we demonstrate that premating reproductive isolation is dependent on female unwillingness to accept heterospecific mates. We studied female and male courtship behavior, chemical signaling, and the morphology of the sexually dimorphic antennae, one of the few male traits visible for females during courtship. We found no differences in ultraviolet (UV) reflectance and only small differences in longer wavelengths and brightness, significant between-species differences, but strongly overlapping distributions of male L. sinapis and L. reali antennal morphology and chemical signals and minor differences in courtship behavior. The lack of clear-cut between-species differences further explains the lack of male species recognition, and the overall similarity might have caused the long-lasting elaborate courtships, if females need prolonged male courtships to distinguish between con- and heterospecific suitors.     

Ecologically neglected tannins and their biologically relevant activity: chemical structures of plant ellagitannins reveal their in vitro oxidative activity at high pH

Summary.  Chemical structures of 27 ellagitannins were systemically compared in respect of their in vitro oxidative activity at high pH found e.g. in lepidopteran insects. The analysis revealed over six-fold differences in the oxidative activities of individual ellagitannins which could be explained by the chemical divergences of the ellagitannins. These findings allowed the formulation of a simple equation that can be used to estimate the oxidative activities of other ellagitannins with known structures. The results suggest that, in future studies of plant-herbivore interactions, ellagitannins should be (1) taken into account as possible oxidative stress -based defences of plants against herbivores, (2) chemically characterized from the study plants, and (3) quantified individually, not as chemically ill-defined group. These actions together with the utilization of the created equation would allow the clarification of the role of ellagitannins in plant-herbivore interactions as natural pro-oxidants.     

兰州城区大气粒子态汞的污染状况

通过调查发现在市工业区，粒子态汞浓度高，冬，夏平均值为０．９１和１．００ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，最高达１．９２ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，冬夏季无显著性差异，秋季浓度低，交通频繁区和交通商业混合区冬季平均值０．４５ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，夏季０．４９ｎｇ／ｍ＾３在清洁区大部分在０．１０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３左右，最低０．０７０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，显示夏季和城区粒子态汞浓度偏高的特征。工业区粒子态汞主要是由人为污染产生的气态汞吸附在同一污染源的粒尘     

钝顶螺旋藻突变株FBL的生理特性

利用倍频Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光（λ＝５３２ｎｍ,ｐ＝５００ｍＷ,Ｓ＝１６０ｍＷ／ｃｍ＾２）对钝顶螺旋藻进行诱变处理,辐照１０ｍｉｎ,经分离获得藻丝开矿变成直形的钝顶螺旋突变株ＦＢＬ。对该变株ＦＢＬ的生长特性、藻多糖、氨基酸、β－胡萝卜素、叶绿素ａ等生化组成的研究。结果表明：与出发株相比,突变株ＦＢＬ生长速度加快;β－胡萝卜素含量提高２２．３％;藻多糖提高４２．０％;氨基酸增幅５．２％,氨基酸的组成比例发     

应用TOXI模型进行重金属在河流中迁移转化规律的研究

ＴＯＸＩ模型是美国环保局的ＷＡＳＰ（水质分析模拟程序）中的一部分。由于该模型考虑了污染物质在河流中溶解态，颗粒态和底泥态的分布关系，对于模拟重金属在河流中的浓度变化效果较好。为保证计算结果的可靠性，首先应对重金属浓度的衰减变化特性进行研究，本文重点讨论的是重金属在河流中迁移转化的过程，并如何将这一过程用数学公式来进行模拟。     

连续流改进A~2/O反应器去污效果及分相培养研究

以生活污水为原水,在常温(25~33℃)条件下采用连续流改进A2/O反应器进行脱氮除磷实验研究。系统内COD降解,TN与TP去除主要在活性污泥段完成,而NH4+-N去除基本在生物接触氧化区完成。从中沉池出水硝态氮影响因素分析可知,选用较高的有机负荷有利于实现系统内分相培养。泥龄对实现系统内微生物异养菌和自养菌的分相培养具有关键影响。当泥龄10 d,可实现系统内异养菌与自养菌的分相培养。     

西部某气田井场分离器液相管线法兰腐蚀原因分析

目的 解决西部某气田井场分离器液相出口管线法兰严重腐蚀问题。方法 通过宏观形貌观察、无损检测、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、力学性能测试、腐蚀区域微观形貌观察、腐蚀产物物相分析以及腐蚀电化学实验的方法,分析该法兰发生腐蚀的原因。结果 A105制法兰与316L制密封圈存在较强的电偶腐蚀倾向。结论 电偶腐蚀是导致法兰面严重腐蚀的主要原因,另外,液相管线停用前放空不彻底,法兰底部存在积液,导致气液界面位置叠加发生水线腐蚀。根据法兰腐蚀原因提出了针对性的防腐建议。     

Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Habitat and Fish Across Multiple Spatial Scales

We analyzed the relation of the amount and spatial pattern of land cover with stream fish communities, in-stream habitat, and baseflow in 47 small southeastern Wisconsin, USA, watersheds encompassing a gradient of predominantly agricultural to predominantly urban land uses. The amount of connected impervious surface in the watershed was the best measure of urbanization for predicting fish density, species richness, diversity, and index of biotic integrity (IBI) score; bank erosion; and base flow. However, connected imperviousness was not significantly correlated with overall habitat quality for fish. Nonlinear models were developed using quantile regression to predict the maximum possible number of fish species, IBI score, and base flow for a given level of imperviousness. At watershed connected imperviousness levels less than about 8%, all three variables could have high values, whereas at connected imperviousness levels greater than 12% their values were inevitably low. Connected imperviousness levels between 8 and 12% represented a threshold region where minor changes in urbanization could result in major changes in stream condition. In a spatial analysis, connected imperviousness within a 50-m buffer along the stream or within a 1.6-km radius upstream of the sampling site had more influence on stream fish and base flow than did comparable amounts of imperviousness further away. Our results suggest that urban development that minimizes amount of connected impervious surface and establishes undeveloped buffer areas along streams should have less impact than conventional types of development.     

室内空气PM_(2.5)污染的国内研究现状及综合防控措施

良好的室内空气质量是健康人居的必要条件。PM2.5是影响日常室内空气质量的主要因素。中国室内PM2.5污染程度较重,其主要的污染来源有:吸烟、生活燃料燃烧、烹饪和清扫等室内活动以及室外大气颗粒物的渗透作用等。同时,文章就如何减轻室内空气的PM2.5污染提出多方面的综合防控措施。     

腹泻性贝类毒素的分析方法研究

本文描述了腹泻性贝类毒素的的特性，给出了已知的９种毒物成分的化学结构式衣不同毒物成分的毒性大小及毒理效应，对已有的该毒素的定量分析方法，包括生物分析法和化学分析法进行了剖析，重点阐述了化学分析法中的高效液相色谱分析法，介绍了法国目前使用的腹性贝毒的预警系统，并对我国该领域的研究提出了自己的建议。