中国北方沿岸经济贝类砷残留量的调查研究

本文论述了中国北方沿岸经济贝类Ａｓ残留量分布及污染现状。比较了主要经济贝类体内Ａｓ因种类、生活习性不同形成的差异，其原因为贝类是一种滤食性生物，能累积环境中的Ａｓ，各种贝类累积Ａｓ的能力不同。综合比较结果是中国北方涡岸经济贝类尚未受到Ａｓ污染。探讨沿岸重要港湾，河口环境中Ａｓ对贝类的影响，着重讨论了大连湾贝类Ａｓ污染。     

含硫污水汽提装置改造分析

装置经过技术改造，增加原料水脱油脱气设施，汽提塔采用侧线抽氨技术，增加氨精制及制液氨设施，使处理能力提高到４０ｔ／ｈ以上，生产出了合格液氨，装置排放的净化水及酸性气完全达到设计要求，装置能耗较低。     

Application of GIS technology in chemical emergency response

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｕｎｔｌｅｓｓｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｈａｚａｒｄｏｕｓｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｈａｖｅｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｙａｒｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｉｎｇｏｒｗｉｌｌｏｃｃｕｒｅｖｅｒｙｗｈｅｒｅ...     

我国四个港湾疏浚物石油污染

文中叙述了１９８８￣１９９０年间，我国４个港湾－大连湾、天津港、深圳湾及珠江河段各疏浚区疏浚物中油类污染调查及分布状况。文中介绍了站位布设原则，样品采集、样品处理、分析测试方法。进行了沾污疏浚物油类出溶出实验，认为油类溶出实验是估价疏浚物油类污染的程度的重要手段。讨论了４港湾疏浚物油类污染水平。大连湾海域疏浚物石油污染明显，珠江河段，深圳湾及天津港疏浚物稍受影响，基本上是清洁的。     

Chemical behavior and risk assessment of four pesticidesin soil and water

ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｆｏｕｒｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｓｉｎｓｏｉｌａｎｄｗａｔｅｒＪｉａｎｇＸｉｌｉｕ；ＨｕａＸｉａｏｍｅｉ（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｒｎｅｎｔＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｎａ...     

Combined UV-biological degradation of PAHs

The UV-photolysis of PAHs was tested in silicone oil and tetradecane. In most cases, the degradation of a pollutant provided within a mixture was lower than when provided alone due to competitive effects. With the exception of anthracene, the larger pollutants (4- and 5-rings) were always degraded first, proving that UV-treatment preferentially acts on large PAHs and thereby provides a good complement to microbial degradation. UV-photolysis was also found to be suitable for treatment of soil extract from contaminated soils. The feasibility of UV-biological treatment was demonstrated for the removal of a mixture of phenanthrene and pyrene in silicone oil. UV-irradiation of the silicone oil led to 83% pyrene removal but no phenanthrene photodegradation. Subsequent treatment of the oil in a two-phases partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) system inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. was followed by complete phenanthrene biodegradation but no further pyrene removal. Totally, the combined process allowed 92% removal of the PAH mixture. Further work should focus on characterizing the photoproducts formed and studying the influence of the solvent on the photodegradation process.     

Analysis of Ah receptor pathway activation by brominated flame retardants

Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are used as additives in plastics to decrease the rate of combustion of these materials, leading to greater consumer safety. As the use of plastics has increased, the production and use of flame-retardants has also grown. Many BFRs are persistent and have been detected in environmental samples, raising concerns about the biological/toxicological risk associated with their use. Most BFRs appear to be non-toxic, however there is still some concern that these compounds, or possible contaminants in BFRs mixtures could interact with cellular receptors. In this study we have examined the interaction of decabromodiphenyl ether, Firemaster BP4A (tetrabromobisphenol A), Firemaster PHT4 (tetrabromophthalic anhydride), hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, decabromobiphenyl, Firemaster BP-6 (2,2^′,4,4^′,5,5^′-hexabromobiphenyl) and possible contaminants of BFR mixtures with the Ah receptor. Receptor binding and activation was examined using the Gel Retardation Assay and increased expression of dioxin responsive genes was detected using the reporter gene based CALUX assay. The results demonstrate the ability of BFRs to activate the AhR signal transduction pathway at moderate to high concentrations as assessed using both assays. AhR-dependent activation by BFRs may be due in part to contaminants present in commercial/technical mixtures. This was suggested by our comparative analysis of Firemaster BP-6 versus its primary component 2,2^′,4,4^′,5,5^′-hexabromobiphenyl. Some technical mixtures of brominated flame-retardants contain brominated biphenyls, dioxins or dibenzofurans as contaminants. When tested in the CALUX assay these compounds were found to be equivalent to, or more active than their chlorinated analogues. Relative effective potency values were determined from dose response curves for these brominated HAHs.     

Investigation of hydrogeologic processes in a dipping layer structure: 2. Transport and biodegradation of organics

Numerical simulation tools have been used to study the dominating processes during transport of aromatic hydrocarbons in the unsaturated soil zone. Simulations were based on field observations at an experimental site located on a glacial delta plain with pronounced layered sedimentary structures. A numerical model for transport in the unsaturated zone, SWMS-3D, has been extended to incorporate coupled multispecies transport, microbial degradation following Monod kinetics and gas diffusive transport of oxygen and hydrocarbons. The flow field parameters were derived from previous work using nonreactive tracers. Breakthrough curves (BTC) from the hydrocarbon field experiment were used to determine sorption parameters and Monod kinetic parameters using a fitting procedure. The numerical simulations revealed that the assumption of homogeneous layers resulted in deviations from the field observations. The deviations were more pronounced with incorporation of reactive transport, compared with earlier work on nonreactive transport. To be able to model reasonable BTC, sorption had to be reduced compared to laboratory experiments. The initial biomass and the maximum utilisation rate could be adjusted to capture both the initial lag phase and the overall degradation rate. Nevertheless, local oxygen limitation is predicted by the model, which was not observed in the field experiment. Incorporation of evaporation and diffusive gas transport of the hydrocarbons did not significantly change the local oxygen demand. The main cause of the observed discrepancies between model and field are attributed to channelling as a result of small-scale heterogeneities such as biopores.     

Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers

Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO(3), Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors.     

促进科技创新,提高衡阳果业竞争力

作者从WTO对果业的影响及现代果业科技创新的表现，揭示了衡阳果业技术创新的优势与存在的问题，并从健全科技创新制度，提高果业生产科技含量和农业信息化等方面提出了促进科技创新，提高衡阳果业竞争力的途径。