N_2:Ar法直接测定水体反硝化产物溶解N_2

为了深入开展水体反硝化过程及机理研究,利用HIDEN公司生产的HPR40溶解气体质谱分析仪,通过仪器配置和条件摸索,建立了基于N2:Ar原理直接测定水体反硝化产物溶解N2的分析方法,并总结了采样技术要点.实验结果表明,膜进样质谱仪(MIMS)在长时间(10h)连续测定情况下仍能保持良好的信号稳定性,盐度为0和2%的标样的N2/Ar(物质的量比)变异系数(CV)分别0.53%和0.17%;在最佳实验条件下(恒温槽温度设为18～25℃,磁搅拌气液平衡52h,仪器信号平稳),15d内绘制了5条校准工作曲线,其斜率的相对标准偏差为3.03%,说明该方法的重复性较好;平行水样的标准偏差小于2μmol·L-1.将N2:Ar法应用于福建省九龙江表层水样的连续观测,可观察到明显的反硝化过程,表明所建立的N2:Ar法在今后各种水体反硝化过程和机理研究中具有良好的应用前景.     

Inherently safer sustained casing pressure testing for well integrity evaluation

This paper presents the use of a model to predict sustained casing pressure (SCP), from early pressure buildup data, as a basis for inherently safer well integrity testing. Inherently safer principles aim to eliminate or reduce the hazards by design rather than by using protective features. SCP, a well integrity issue exhibited in many wells, is any measurable pressure that rebuilds after being bled down and attributable to causes other than artificially applied pressure or temperature fluctuations in the well. Intrusion of gas, resulting in SCP, can occur because of poor cement bond in the casing or cement deterioration. Gas entering the annulus migrates to the wellhead and represents a hazard due to increased wellhead pressure and the gas inventory. Compromised well integrity can have catastrophic consequences on both environmental and safety aspects.Most regulations require the monitoring, testing and, eventually, the elimination of SCP. However, test data analysis is predominantly qualitative and limited to arbitrary criteria. Due to the high percentage of wells that present SCP, accurate, safe and preferably fast testing methods are needed. This paper implements an analytical model, rooted in the transport processes and thermodynamics of the system, to predict pressure profiles and gas accumulation during SCP testing from early-time pressure buildup data. The amount of gas accumulated during different testing criteria, being 1) current practices and 2) early diagnostic by the analytical model, is calculated and compared. Results show that using the analytical model as a predictive tool, testing time is reduced significantly, thereby limiting the amount of gas accumulated and reducing the risk. This makes the testing procedure inherently safer as well as less time consuming.     

Benefits of supplementing an industrial waste anaerobic digester with energy crops for increased biogas production

Currently, there is increasing competition for waste as feedstock for the growing number of biogas plants. This has led to fluctuation in feedstock supply and biogas plants being operated below maximum capacity. The feasibility of supplementing a protein/lipid-rich industrial waste (pig manure, slaughterhouse waste, food processing and poultry waste) mesophilic anaerobic digester with carbohydrate-rich energy crops (hemp, maize and triticale) was therefore studied in laboratory scale batch and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with a view to scale-up to a commercial biogas process. Co-digesting industrial waste and crops led to significant improvement in methane yield per ton of feedstock and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as compared to digestion of the industrial waste alone. Biogas production from crops in combination with industrial waste also avoids the need for micronutrients normally required in crop digestion. The batch co-digestion methane yields were used to predict co-digestion methane yield in full scale operation. This was done based on the ratio of methane yields observed for laboratory batch and CSTR experiments compared to full scale CSTR digestion of industrial waste. The economy of crop-based biogas production is limited under Swedish conditions; therefore, adding crops to existing industrial waste digestion could be a viable alternative to ensure a constant/reliable supply of feedstock to the anaerobic digester.     

深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

施用石灰对酸性土壤中氧化亚氮形成的影响

对酸性红壤施用石灰和N2O生成之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,在好气条件下,石灰的施用与NH4＋氧化过程中N2O的产生量之间的关系不明显。但随着石灰施用量的增加,厌气条件下NO3－还原过程中N2O的积累量明显增加了,这与施用石灰后土壤pH升高而提高了硝酸还原酶活性有关。试验还表明,尽管在厌气条件下土壤pH较高有利于NO3－还原成NO2－,但当缺乏有效碳源时,NO2－向N2O的进一步还原受到限制,易发生NO2－的积累。     

Environmental Impact Assessment Under the National Environmental Policy Act and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

US government actions undertaken in Antarctica are subject to the requirements of both the Protocol and the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). There are differences in the scope and intent of the Protocol and NEPA; however, both require environmental impact assessment (EIA) as part of the planning process for proposed actions that have the potential for environmental impacts. In this paper we describe the two instruments and highlight key similarities and differences with particular attention to EIA. Through this comparison of the EIA requirements of NEPA and the Protocol, we show how the requirements of each can be used in concert to provide enhanced environmental protection for the antarctic environment. NEPA applies only to actions of the US government; therefore, because NEPA includes certain desirable attributes that have been refined and clarified through numerous court cases, and because the Protocol is just entering implementation internationally, some recommendations are made for strengthening the procedural requirements of the Protocol for activities undertaken by all Parties in Antarctica. The Protocol gives clear and strong guidance for protection of specific, valued antarctic environmental resources including intrinsic wilderness and aesthetic values, and the value of Antarctica as an area for scientific research. That guidance requires a higher standard of environmental protection for Antarctica than is required in other parts of the world. This paper shows that taken together NEPA and the Protocol call for closer examination of proposed actions and a more rigorous consideration of environmental impacts than either would alone. Three areas are identified where the EIA provisions of the Protocol could be strengthened to improve its effectiveness. First, the thresholds defined by the Protocol need to be clarified. Specifically, the meanings of the terms “minor” and “transitory” are not clear in the context of the Protocol. The use of “or” in the phrase “minor or transitory” further confuses the meaning. Second, cumulative impact assessment is called for by the Protocol but is not defined. A clear definition could reduce the chance that cumulative impacts would be given inadequate consideration. Finally, the public has limited opportunities to comment on or influence the preparation of initial or comprehensive environmental evaluations. Experience has shown that public input to environmental documents has a considerable influence on agency decision making and the quality of EIA that agencies perform.     

Tendencies in the Development of Tracks in Open Areas

area cells (the areas between the tracks) increased geometrically in the unprotected area, while the increase in the protected area was linear; and (3) most area cells (50%–70%) in the protected area in each of the years analyzed (except 1944) were smaller than 10 ha in size. However, an area cell greater than 100 ha has always been observed. In contrast, in the unprotected site the number of area cells increased with time while their area size decreased. Twenty-seven percent of the unprotected area is composed at present of area cells smaller in size than 1 ha. The development of a track system in the protected site changed moderately with a few peaks during the past 50 years. This trend is a result of land management policies that actively promote sustainable ecotourism. However, in the unprotected open area, the track system has changed continuously and drastically due to a lack of land conservation management.     

Transboundary Issues in Wilderness Management

/ The management of lands adjacent to federally designated wilderness is increasingly seen to have the potential to negatively impact wilderness resources and management objectives. This paper first examines the numerous and often conflicting laws and regulations that influence how managers can mitigate transboundary issues. We then examine the various types of transboundary issues, and describe how they impact wilderness resources. Transboundary issues include recreational use, extractive activities, fire management, exotic species introductions, aircraft overflights and military operations, water diversion, urban encroachment, and transported pollutants. KEY WORDS: Adjacent lands; Buffer zones; Ecosystem management; Wilderness; Zones of influence     

烟碱对东方粉蝶幼虫觅食行为的影响和毒害作用

利用结球甘蓝、大白菜、蕹菜和莴苣菜4种蔬菜及东方粉蝶幼虫作为实验对象,以0％、0.01％、0.1％、1％和2％5种烟碱浓度梯度研究东方粉蝶幼虫对经过不同烟碱浓度喷洒过的4种蔬菜的觅食行为以及不同烟碱浓度对东方粉蝶幼虫的毒害作用．研究表明,在同一烟碱浓度下,东方粉蝶幼虫对4种蔬菜觅食行为及毒害致死时间差异不显著;不同烟碱浓度显著影响东方粉蝶幼虫对4种蔬菜的觅食数量和存活时间;烟碱浓度与东方粉蝶幼虫的觅食数量和对东方粉蝶幼虫的毒害致死时间呈显著负相关