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851.
辽宁轮胎厂对动力站噪声进行分步进行治理,通过采取吸声、消声和隔声措施,使动力站的混响噪声得到了大幅度下降,达到了国家标准,取得了预期的效果。 相似文献
852.
A Framework for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for Remediation or Restoration of Contaminated Sites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Net environmental benefits are gains in value of environmental services or other ecological properties attained by remediation or ecological restoration minus the value of adverse environmental effects caused by those actions. Net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) is a methodology for comparing and ranking net environmental benefits associated with multiple management alternatives. A NEBA for chemically contaminated sites typically involves comparison of several management alternatives: (1) leaving contamination in place; (2) physically, chemically, or biologically remediating the site through traditional means; (3) improving ecological value through onsite and offsite restoration alternatives that do not directly focus on removal of chemical contamination; or (4) a combination of those alternatives. NEBA involves activities that are common to remedial alternatives analysis for state regulations and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, post-closure and corrective action permits under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, evaluation of generic types of response actions pertinent to the Oil Pollution Act, and land management actions that are negotiated with regulatory agencies in flexible regulatory environments (i.e., valuing environmental services or other ecological properties, assessing adverse impacts, and evaluating remediation or restoration options). This article presents a high-level framework for NEBA at contaminated sites with subframeworks for natural attenuation (the contaminated reference state), remediation, and ecological restoration alternatives. Primary information gaps related to NEBA include nonmonetary valuation methods, exposure–response models for all stressors, the temporal dynamics of ecological recovery, and optimal strategies for ecological restoration.Published online 相似文献
853.
Sinden JA 《Journal of environmental management》2004,70(4):351-362
The New South Wales Government recently introduced the Native Vegetation Conservation Act to protect the native grassland and woodland of the state. The Act protects biodiversity by preventing farmers from clearing such vegetation on their properties but, as a consequence, reduces farm incomes and land values. An economic model of the relationship between land value and percentage of farm in native vegetation is integrated with an ecological model of the relationship between species lost and percentage of the farms in native vegetation. The integrated framework is applied to estimate the opportunity costs of the Act for one important agricultural area of the state, the northern part of the Brigalow Belt South Bio-Region. If all the vegetation were protected, the reduction in land value would be at least 14.3%, which is an opportunity cost of at least 148.5 dollars m for the area. Both the benefits and costs of biodiversity protection must be accounted for, so risk simulations are then combined with benefit-cost analysis to compare the benefits of biodiversity protection to these costs. 相似文献
854.
In this study we use a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh Flood Disaster by 15 relief agencies using standards developed by the Sphere Project. The Sphere Project is a recent attempt by agencies around the world to establish universal minimum standards for the purpose of ensuring quality and accountability in disaster response. The main outcomes measured were resources allocated to disaster relief types of relief activities and percentage of agencies meeting selected Sphere food aid and nutrition indicators. Although the process of nutritional response was measured, specific nutritional and health outcomes were not assessed. This review found that self-reported disaster and nutritional resources varied widely between implementing agencies, ranging from US $58,947 to $15,908,712. The percentage of resources these agencies allocated to food aid and nutritional response also varied, ranging from approximately 6 to 99 per cent of total resources. Agencies met between 8 and 83 per cent of the specific Sphere indicators which were assessed Areas in which performance was poor included preliminary nutritional analysis; beneficiary participation and feedback; disaster preparedness during non-emergency times; monitoring of local markets and impact assessment. Agencies were generally successful in areas of core humanitarian response, such as targeting the vulnerable (83 per cent) and monitoring and evaluating the process of disaster response (75 per cent). The results here identify both strengths and gaps in the quality of humanitarian response in developing nations such as Bangladesh. However, they also raise the question of implementing a rights-based approach to disaster response in nations without a commitment to meeting positive human rights in non-disaster times. 相似文献
855.
Fire Management of California Shrubland Landscapes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Keeley JE 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):395-408
856.
Factors affecting private forest landowner interest in ecosystem management: linking spatial and survey data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacobson MG 《Environmental management》2002,30(4):577-583
Many factors influence forest landowner management decisions. This study examines landowner decisions regarding participation
in ecosystem management activities, such as a landscape corridor cutting across their private lands. Landscape corridors are
recognized worldwide as an important tool in biodiversity conservation. For ecosystem management activities to occur in areas
dominated by a multitude of small private forest landholdings, landowner participation and cooperation is necessary. Data
from a survey of landowners combined with an analysis of their land's spatial attributes is used to assess their interest
in ecosystem management. Results suggest that spatial attributes are not good predictors of an owner's interest in ecosystem
management. Other factors such as attitudes and opinions about the environment are more effective in explaining landowner
interest. The results have implications for any land manager using GIS data and implementing ecosystem management activities
on private forestland. 相似文献
857.
Policy, Principle, and Practice in Industrial Pollution Control: Views from the Regulatory Interface
There has been much criticism of the system for the control of industrial pollution, but not much is known about the views
of the regulators and the industry. The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes at this regulatory interface
towards the current and proposed regulatory system and make recommendations for improvements. The methodology involved a questionnaire
survey sent to over 700 key personnel. Statistical analysis revealed similarities and significant differences between the
views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current regime. Weaknesses related to the derivation and enforcement
of standards were identified. The Environmental Quality Standards system was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and
regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion of listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment environmental
quality standards and direct toxicity assessment of effluents. This paper concludes that these measures should be incorporated
into the regulatory system, together with more rigorous enforcement of environmental performance standards including serious
sanctions for non-compliance. In the longer term, a reappraisal of the regulatory system is required in order to establish
an appropriate framework to ensure that environmental policy commitments are implemented. 相似文献
858.
Stifled stakeholders and subdued participation: interpreting local responses toward Shimentai Nature Reserve in South China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In recent decades, protected-area management in many developing countries has been molded to win the support and participation
of local people. Increasingly, research initiatives are undertaken to enhance understanding of the perceptions and attitudes
of rural stakeholders. The effectiveness of the expanding protected-area system in China is critically constrained by similar
considerations of community mentality. This paper provides an empirical assessment of local responses towards conservation
efforts based on a case study of the recently established Shimentai Nature Reserve (SNR) situated in Yingde, Guangdong Province,
China. Questionnaire surveys, face-to-face interviews, and group discussions were employed to gauge local residents' knowledge,
perceptions, and expectations towards the SNR. The study covered seven villages situated in and around the reserve, grouped
into far-zone (floodplain) and near-zone (upland) categories, accommodating Hakka (Han) and minority Yao peoples. Many respondents
had inadequate knowledge, understanding, and perceptions of the reserve. Although most respondents welcomed the expected park-related
dividends, the most affected near-zone villagers anticipated losses due to restriction on traditional resource-extraction
activities in the forest. The local expectations were influenced by place of residence, emigration of rural young, and household
affluence. The lack of local participation in management and inadequate dissemination of information posed obstacles to effective
conservation. The high expectation of accruing benefits from development projects, including tourism, might be misplaced and
might not be realized. The present honeymoon period of positive attitudes could end soon if the hopes remain unfulfilled for
too long. The need to win sustained local support and provide alternative means of livelihood is emphasized. 相似文献
859.
A Multiattribute Index for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Regional Development Projects: A Case Study of Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evaluating environmental impacts has become an increasingly vital part of environmental management. In the present study,
a methodological procedure based on multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) has been applied to obtain a decision-maker's value
index on assessment of the environmental impacts. The paper begins with an overview of MAUT. Next, we elicited strategic objectives
and several important attributes, and then structured them into a hierarchy, with the aim of structuring and quantifying the
basic values for the assessment. An environmental multiattribute index is constructed as a multiattribute utility function,
based on value judgements provided by a decision-maker at the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE). The implications of the
results are useful for many aspects of MOE's environmental policies; identifying the strategic objectives and basic values;
facilitating communication about the organization's priorities; and recognizing decision opportunities that face decision-makers
of Korea. 相似文献
860.
Tijuana Childhood Lead Risk Assessment Revisited: Validating a GIS Model with Environmental Data 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The objective of this research was to determine the spatial distributions of childhood lead poisoning and soil lead contamination
in urban Tijuana. The Bocco–Sanchez model of point-source emissions was evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. We
compared the model's predicted vulnerable populations with observed cases of childhood lead poisoning in Tijuana, identified
fixed point sources in the field, and analyzed 76 soil samples from 14 sites. The soil lead results were compared to the blood
lead analyses performed on Tijuana children whose blood lead levels were ≥10 μg/dL, who reported that they did not use lead-glazed
ceramics for cooking or storing food (n = 63). Using GIS, predicted vs observed risk areas were assessed by examining spatial patterns, including the distribution of cases
per designated risk area. Chi-square analysis of expected vs observed values did not differ significantly at the p = 0.02 level, showing that the model was strikingly accurate in predicting the distribution of subjects with elevated blood lead.
Results reveal that while point sources are significant, other sources of lead exposure are also important. The relative public
health risk from exposure to lead in an urban setting may be assessed by distinguishing among sources of exposure and associating
concentrations to blood lead levels. The results represent an iterative approach in environmental health research by linking
environmental and human biomarker lead concentrations and using these results to validate an environmental model of risk to
lead exposure. 相似文献