Rainfall Response of Degraded Soil Following Reforestation in the Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA

2 Copper Basin in southeastern Tennessee became the site of increasingly extensive and successful reforestation efforts. To determine the effectiveness of more than 50 years of reforestation efforts, we compared rainfall infiltration, sediment detachment, and soil organic matter of reforested sites to those properties of unvegetated sites and forested reference sites outside the basin. Results of 54 rainfall simulation experiments conducted in zones of the basin known to have been planted during different decades demonstrate that hydrologic recovery of soils in the Copper Basin lags significantly behind the establishment of tree cover and the protection offered by vegetation against soil erosion. Soils in new “forests” have significantly less organic matter and lower infiltration than forests more than 50 years old. The long-term persistence of low infiltration rates serves as a reminder that, at sites where the A and B soil horizons have been lost, restoration of the hydrologic function of a landscape requires decades, at least.     

Seaborne Petrochemical Spill Analysis Within the United States, 1992–1999

Through discussion of causative factors and examination of historical data, petrochemical spill prevention in US waters is reviewed. Unintentional petrochemical outflow is analyzed in a comprehensive manner and presented as a hierarchical sequence of antecedent events to reveal the trends of causative factors leading to release. Specifically, a seaborne petrochemical spill is examined in terms of four basic, antecedent events: (1) an underway source, (2) a failure incident, (3) a marine accident capable of breaching the hull and cargo block, and (4) the onset of outflow. These events are further subdivided into underlying, contributing events to form a causative framework for spill prevention. While a hierarchical review is not necessary to uncover the elements of causation, it does provide a comprehensive and logical structure that clearly defines these elements in terms of occurrence frequency and contribution to resulting outflow. It is found that relatively small, frequent spills less than 40,000 liters (10,567 gallons), attributable to human operator failures, leading to grounding, and cargo transfer system failure accidents, dominate US seaborne petrochemical outflow from 1992 to 1999. Given the frequency of groundings, structural reinforcement regulations such as those contained in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (requiring double hulls) appear well justified. However, passive restraint systems are secondary to the need for vigilant training and licensing of tank vessel operators.     

粉体气力输运中的静电问题研究

粉体在气力输运过程中会产生静电危害，首先要分析粉体产生静电的物理机制即着重研究：粉体气力输运中的静电现象与粉体和管路的几何、物理性质及输运的技术参数之间的关系；在对其中的某些因素如：输运气流流速、质量流量、粉体材料、粉体粒度等进行实验的基础上，总结出这些因素影响起电的规律。在测试技术方面，提出了一种新的、非接触式的利用静电感应原理测量粉体电量的方法，并与计算机结合，构成一个完整的测量系统。此法具有对工业粉体气力输运过程中的静电起电做连续、非接触在线测量的可行性。     

长江口徐六泾颗粒态正构烷烃的月变化组成特征及来源解析

2003年6月到2005年12月之间,在长江口徐六泾站位按月际采集表层水样用于颗粒态正构烷烃的测定。徐六泾颗粒态样品总正构烷烃含量在0.3~3.8 μg·L^-1范围内,高值多集中在每年4月到8月。正构烷烃的碳数范围在C₁₅ 到 C₃₆之间,主峰碳主要为C₂₇、C₂₉和C₃₁。徐六泾颗粒态正构烷烃分布可分陆源输入优势型、陆源和水生生物混合优势型及石油污染型等3种类型,其中陆源输入为主,少部分冬、春季样品的分析结果显示为陆源与水生生物共同作用类型,可能与低悬浮颗粒物浓度和海水倒灌的影响有关。UCM结果显示徐六泾石油烃污染主要分布范围为C₂₈-C₃₃,与推测的船只燃料油污染相吻合。     

闽江河口潮滩沼泽湿地沉积物铁的形态和空间分布

滨海潮滩沉积物铁异化还原过程对有机质代谢及生源要素(C、N、P、S、O等)生物地球化学循环具有深远的影响.本文以闽江河口鳝鱼滩潮滩湿地为研究对象,对高、中、低潮滩0~80 cm深度内与铁异化还原相关的不同形态铁的含量和空间分布进行分析.结果表明,无定形Fe(Ⅲ)((39.3±5.3)μmol·g~(-1))和晶质Fe(Ⅲ)((84.2±10.7)μmol·g~(-1))主要分布在高潮滩,并沿着向海方向减少;铁的硫化物FeS((15.3±2.8)μmol·g~(-1))和Fe S2((6.0±1.1)μmol·g~(-1))集中分布在中、低潮滩;非硫Fe(II)((111.7±12.8)μmol·g~(-1))富集在整个潮滩剖面上,且含量随着深度增加而增加.孔隙水Fe~(2+)((3.7±0.7)mmol·L~(-1))与Fe S2、SO_4~(2-)和pH相关,说明Fe~(2+)可能与黄铁矿的水解有关.不同形态铁在高、中、低潮滩表现出显著的空间分布异质性.高潮滩铁异化还原的强度大于硫酸盐异化还原,但沿着向海方向,硫酸盐异化还原的潜势逐渐增加.本研究证明了潮汐水文和高程对潮滩湿地铁的迁移和转化具有重要的意义.     

Pork knocking in the land of many waters: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana

The growth of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana has received little attention in the literature, despite its rapid growth and now central importance in this small country's socioeconomic fortunes. Although the activity in Guyana shares commonalities with ASM activity elsewhere in the world, it also displays some unique characteristics. This article builds upon existing debates and current issues surrounding Guyanese ASM. A lack of baseline data and research on the dynamics, underlying forces and various outcomes of the ASM sector has acted as a significant constraint on the regulation and development of the sector in a completely desirable fashion. This has been the result of, but has also been exacerbated by, the ineffective nature of intervention, enforcement and assistance. This paper aims to demonstrate and argue for the need for developing much clearer understandings of and effective interactions with the ASM sector in Guyana. Such all developments are the more pressing given future policies, which may represent potentially sizeable challenges for the continued vibrancy of ASM operations.     

长江口水体中取代芳烃类污染物的生态风险评价

通过对采集于长江口水体15个不同采样点水样中的主要6种取代芳烃类化合物的浓度分析,依据3个基础营养级水平(藻、溞、鱼)的急性毒性效应[L(E)C50],采用欧盟适用于现有化学物质与新化学物质的风险评价技术指南(TGD)中的商值法对长江口水体中的1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、六氯苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯、...     

珠江口滩涂围垦对大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解海岸滩涂围垦对沿海生态系统的影响,采用大型底栖动物群落来进行影响评价.对珠江口伶仃洋西海岸的6个自然滩涂和5个围垦滩涂的大型底栖动物进行比较研究,采用4种生物指数、聚类分析(CLA)及非度量多维测度排序(NMS)对其进行群落特征分析.结果显示:自然滩涂底栖动物种类数平均7.5种,栖息密度386.63 ind m-2,生物量15.593 6 g m-2,均普遍高于围垦滩涂.滩涂围垦可造成滩涂生境改变,从而导致底栖动物群落结构简单,生物组成单一,群落相似性较低.因此必须科学制定围垦方式并进行围垦后生态保护,在满足用地需求和生境保护之间取得平衡.图5表3参24