2 semiarid irrigated area with salt-affected soils. The available soil map is at 1:100,000 scale and its mapping units are
used for the land evaluation with the FAO framework. These data are then elaborated using the index value method. This procedure
gives a map of land evaluation units and a table that rates the productive potential of these units for six crops: alfalfa,
barley, maize, rice, sunflower, and wheat. 相似文献
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of tourism activities on olive tree cultivation and the human population
of the island of Lesbos. The presence or absence of tourism is related with the maintenance or abandonment of olive tree cultivation
and population changes for each community. A spatial segregation of the island is evident, related to tourist development,
olive tree cultivation, and population change. The results of the study demonstrate that in communities where tourism plays
an important role olive tree cultivation is preserved and the population is stable. The preservation of the agro-ecosystem
is assured while the olive groves remain productive. Simultaneously, the landscape, which provides specific attractions for
tourism, is not altered. 相似文献
/ Implementing the concept of sustainability through integrated approaches to natural resource management poses enormous challenges for both the rural communities and government agencies concerned. This paper reviews the underlying rhetoric of sustainable agricultural systems and the integrated resource management paradigm and identifies some of the challenges being experienced in translating this rhetoric into practice. A relatively recently implemented community-based integrated catchment management (ICM) process in a rural community in northeast Australia is examined in terms of some of the lessons learned that may be relevant to other similar integrated resource management (IRM) processes. It reveals a pragmatic, opportunistic, and evolving implementation process based on adaptive learning rather than a more traditional "rational" planning approach. Some essential characteristics of a community-based IRM process are identified, including fostering communication; providing a structure that fosters cooperation and facilities coordination among community, industry, and government agencies; the integration of IRM principles into local government planning schemes; and an emergent strategic approach to IRM program implementation. We conclude by identifying some essential characteristics of an IRM process that can assist a community to adapt to, and manage change for, sustainable resource use. 相似文献
Now in Russian Federation and other countries large-scale oil terminals (volume of one tank exceeds 100 000 m3, total volume of tanks exceeds 300 000 m3) are designed and constructed. Therefore fire safety of such objects becomes a very important task, solution of which is hardly possible without detail fire risk assessment. This study is aimed to a solution of this problem. Potential, individual and social risks were calculated. The potential risk was defined as a frequency of occurrence of hazardous factors of fires and explosions in a given point of space (the so-called risk contours). The individual risk was defined as a frequency of injuring a given person by hazardous factors of fires and explosions. Time of presence of this person in hazardous zones (near the hazardous installation) is taken into account during calculations of the individual risk. Social risk was defined as a dependence of frequency of injuring a given number of people by hazardous factors of fires and explosions on this number. In practice the social risk is usually determined on injuring not less than 10 people.
The oil terminal under consideration includes the following main parts: crude oil storage consisting of three tanks of volume 100 000 m3 each, input crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.6 m, crude oil pumps, output crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.8 m, auxiliary buildings and facilities. The following main scenarios of tank fires have been considered: rim seal fire, pool fire on a surface of a floating roof, pool fire on a total cross-section surface of the tank, pool fire in a dyke, explosions in closed or semiclosed volumes. Fires and explosions in other parts of the terminal are also taken into account. Effects of escalation of accidents are considered.
Risk contours have been calculated both for the territory of the terminal and for the neighbouring space. The potential risk for the storage zone is near 10−4–10−5 year−1, and at a distance 500 m from the terminal the potential risk values do not exceed 10−6 year−1. The values of the individual risk for various categories of workers are in the range of 10−5–10−6 year−1. Because of low number of the workers on the terminal and large distances to towns and villages the social risk value is negligible. These risk values are consistent with practice of the best oil companies, and fire hazard level of the terminal can be accepted as tolerable. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: The municipal water conservation options available to meet the goals of a national water conservation policy are evaluated. Water conservation with water conservation devices is shown to offer many significant advantages over education and pricing and metering as a method of accomplishing water conservation goals. Current constraints on the use of water conservation devices are outlined, and their elimination is suggested if the nation's water conservation goals are to be met. 相似文献
Significant annual variations in population size of most species were evident with greater abundance of most species in wet
years. Habitat variables, particularly vegetation structure, were also an important determinant of the abundance of most bird
species and tended to mask the impacts of the land use under investigation. Several bird species had benefited from the provision
of permanent water at mining and pastoral sites. Other species utilized increased nesting or feeding opportunities associated
with the mining operation and increased food supply at the pastoral sites. Crested bellbirds and mixed-feeding flocks of small
insectivorous birds were apparently disadvantaged by mining and hence may be useful bioindicators of mining impacts. No bird
species or community parameters were identified which could serve as useful early warning bioindicators of pastoral impacts. 相似文献
Various approaches have been used to classify large geographical areas into smaller regions of similar water quality or extrapolate
water-quality data from a few streams to other unmonitored streams. A combination of some of the strengths of existing techniques
is used to develop a new approach for these purposes. In this new approach, referred to here as SPARTA (SPAtial Regression-Tree
Analysis), environmental characteristics for each monitored stream are first quantified using a Geographic Information System
(GIS) and then regression-tree analysis is used to determine which characteristics are most statistically important in describing
the distribution of a specific water-quality constituent. GIS coverages of only the most statistically significant environmental
characteristics are then used to subdivide the area of interest into relatively homogeneous environmental water-quality zones.
Results from the regression-tree analysis not only define the most important environmental characteristics, but also describe
how to subdivide the coverage of the specific characteristic (for example, areas with <26% or ≥26% soil clay content). The
resulting regionalization scheme is customized for each water-quality constituent based on the environmental characteristics
most statistically related to that constituent. SPARTA was used to delineate areas of similar phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment
concentrations (by including land-use characteristics) and areas of similar potential water quality (by excluding land-use
characteristics). The SPARTA approach reduced the variability in water-quality concentrations (phosphorus, total nitrogen,
Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment) within similarly classified zones from that obtained using the US Environmental
Protection Agency's nutrient ecoregions. 相似文献