流域开发的外部性及其内部化

流域是地表水的集水区域。流域问题的本质是水。水是可持续发展的基础和条件，是环境与发展问题的核心。流域开发是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发。实现流域经济可持续发展实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用。外部性是流域开发的基本特征，水资源的特性决定了流域开发的外部性。实现流域开发的外部性内部化是流域经济可持续发展的关键。实现流域开发外部性内部化，必须界定流域资源产权，明确流域开发主体；建立税收－补贴体系，对水资源合理定价；坚持“排污者付费原则”；建立流域水资源市场，实现水资源资产化管理。同时，政府要加强流域的管理；建立健全水资源保护与流域开发的法律体系；普及保护环境和水资源的教育，建立节水观念；支持和鼓励流域开发企业实行外部成本内部化措施；调整产业结构，深化国有企业改革。     

清洁生产的回顾与展望——世界及中国推行清洁生产的进程

为促使清洁生产在新的世纪里持久深入地进行 ,有必要对其过去二十多年的发展历程进行回顾总结 ,也非常有必要对其发展趋势做出判断预测。本系列文章共包含两个部分 ,第一部分回顾了世界范围内及我国推行清洁生产的进展情况 ,第二部分归纳了国际上清洁生产的成功做法和发展趋势 ,并在此基础上指出了我国未来几年内的清洁生产工作重点     

Towards Rio + 10 – Trend of Environmentalism and Implications for Sustainable Livelihoods in the 21st Century, The Context of Southern African Region

Since the Rio conference, many countries and organisations, including the environmental movement, bilateral and multilateral institutions have endeavoured to carry out activities related to the implementation of Agenda 21. These have mostly been done with or without other outcomes of the conference. Several environmental management and sustainable development agenda have been pursued to halt the continually degrading environment. Other programmes have concentrated on outburst of economic development at the expense of the environment and the worsening poverty especially in the South. This paper therefore seeks to examine a paradigmatic shift in environmentalism, emphasising the link between agenda 21 and sustainable livelihoods. It seems though the history of the environmental movement has been forgotten after the Rio conference by the whole world. This might probably be due to complacency with the results of the UNCED conference. However, it is now obvious that clear objectives to implement the results of UNCED are almost lacking with little or no proper supervision, and further threatening the existence of mankind. The environmental movement and associated milestones have had significant impacts on the current status of the global commons. Regionally in most of southern Africa, livelihood issues are in the forefront of efforts to sustain environmental resources, and minimising proximate causes of global environmental change.     

WTO规则对西部开发的影响、风险及机遇浅析

随着中国加入WTO和西部大开发战略的实施 ,依法治国无疑是改善投资环境、促进西部开发的最有效手段之一。本文根据WTO基本原则与法制经济的相互关系和影响深入浅出地论述了WTO对西部开发的影响、风险及机遇 ,并提出了针对性的策略     

中国农业可持续发展的策略措施

中国农业经历了多种策略阶段,可持续发展策略是新近出现的最先进、最适合现在和将来农业发展的策略。新策略带有系统性原理,其实质是发展与生态环境保护协调的农业。因此,可持续发展措施应同时重视解决农业经济发展与生态环境保护两方面的问题。据此,本文提出了六项措施。     

长江流域水环境的主要问题,原因及对策探讨

从几个触目惊心的实例出发，分析出长江流域水环境存在的主要问题是水污染、泥沙淤积、对洪涝的环境容量不高和未能充分发挥水环境的多功能特别是生态功能的作用。其原因主要是工业、农业、城市和流动源排污，土壤侵蚀和人类活动不遵守持续发展原则，管理不善。作者在本文末尾提出了对策。     

塔里木河流域生态系统特征及其管理面临的问题分析

基于塔里木河流域生态系统特征,分析塔里木河流域生态系统管理面临的主要问题.①农业开发大量挤占生态用水,威胁流域生态系统安全;②流域农药使用量增长1.78倍,化肥使用量增长2.06倍,工业SO2排放量增长5.93倍,城镇污水量增长0.23倍,下游水质严重超标;③水资源利用效率仅为6.79元/m3,远低于新疆平均水平;④人口和种植规模年均增长11％以上,突破流域水资源承载力.从综合生态管理体制、生态资源市场交易机制、生态立法三方面提出塔里木河流域生态系统管理新方向.     

山东省自然保护区建设与管理发展的新态势

通过对山东省自然保护区进行研究发现,山东省自然保护区建设与管理虽然在自然保护区建设规模、类型、管护能力和主要保护对象等方面取得了新的成绩,但同时也存在自然保护区多区交叉重叠、资源本底不清、管护压力大与能力不足等新问题。随着国家公园、主体功能区和生态补偿制度的实施,山东省自然保护区建设与管理应深化自然保护区管理体制改革,提升自然保护区建设质量,加强自然保护区基础设施规范化建设。     

The relationship between sustainable development and resource use from a geographic perspective

Geography provides the basic building blocks for the study of resource use and sustainable development, inasmuch as it categorizes the human environment. Within the environment are resources that are needed for the survival of society. As resources are largely limited and finite, humans as agents of change must employ techniques that allow an efficient and lasting use of the available resources in their environment. This paper discusses the nexus between geography, resource exploitation, use, and sustainable development. It also discusses the characteristics, types, and classification of resources, development and sustainable development as well as the challenges and strategies for attaining sustainable development, particularly in developing countries.     

美国环保产业发展政策对我国的启示

当今环保产业作为新兴战略产业在世界范围内迅速成长。美国作为全球环保产业的领头羊,其环保产业的发展离不开政府行之有效的发展政策。美国政府主要通过法律法规、税收、贷款、债券、基金、放宽出口管制、以外交促贸易等政策措施,促进了美国环保产业的技术创新、投融资及国际贸易。借鉴美国政策经验,我国应在环保产业管制政策、技术创新政策、财税政策、国际贸易政策上做出相应改进,以促进我国环保产业积极健康发展。