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321.
322.
财产保险是经营风险的产业,风险管理能力是其核心竞争力.从保险监管机构、市场典型主体两方面比较了中、韩两国财产保险业风险管理体系,市场主体的比较从研究宣传、产品开发、业务经营、客户管理、信息技术等方面展开,并提出了建议和措施. 相似文献
323.
随着计算机网络的不断发展,现有的防火墙体系已不能满足要求,发展新的网络防火墙技术已非常重要.分布式防火墙具有明显的防护优势,了解分布式防火墙技术,并在实际应Ζ用中用好它,已成为保障我们网络安全的必要. 相似文献
325.
对排污权交易的现实思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
排污权交易作为一种制度,在我国尚未完全建立.在准市场机制调整之下的排污权交易市场具有比现行排污收费制度更合理之处.排污权交易制度的目的在于逐步减少污染排放,而非刺激排污.其具有的激励和资源配置功能,不仅能较好地控制排污总量,还能提供更丰富的控制污染的方法和途径.公众甚至可以直接参与对环境的管理.本文作者试图从经济学和竞争法的角度对排污权交易的现实问题作一浅显分析. 相似文献
326.
327.
Daşdemir I 《Environmental management》2005,35(3):247-257
The purpose this study was to improve operational planning and management of national parks in Turkey to balance conservation use and sustainable management. Souksu National Park (SNP) was chosen as the study area. The data were obtained from interviews of 182 visitor groups (in total, 819 people) and analyzed using correlation, factor, discriminant, and regression analyses. It was found that the most important factors affecting operational planning and management of SNP are (1) travel cost, (2) visitor welfare level, (3) intensity of use, (4) size of visitor group, (5) type of recreational demand. The main source of visitors to SNP is from a zone within a 0–90-km radius. This region comprised 53.85% of total visitors to the park. The capital of Turkey (Ankara) is the most important source of visitors from within this zone. The optimum activity mix in SNP is also determined. Picnicking, viewing the scenery, and nature walks or trekking comprised the main uses of the park. It is anticipated that these findings will help to improve operational planning and sustainable management of the national park and the environment. 相似文献
328.
Quantifying and Evaluating Ecosystem Health: A Case Study from Moreton Bay, Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As part of the program monitoring the ecosystem health of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, we developed a means for assessing
ecosystem health that allows quantitative evaluation and spatial representations of the assessments. The management objectives
for achieving ecosystem health were grouped into ecosystem objectives, water quality objectives, and human health objectives.
For the first two groups, aspects of the ecosystem (e.g., trophic status) were identified, and an indicator was chosen for
each aspect. Reference values for each indicator were derived from management objectives and compared with the mapped survey
values. Subregions for which the indicator statistic was equal to or better than the assigned reference value are referred
to as “compliant zones.” High-resolution surface maps were created from spatial predictions on a fine hexagonal grid for each
of the indicators. Eight reporting subregions were established based on the depth and predicted residence times of the water.
Within each reporting subregion, the proportion that was compliant was calculated. These results then were averaged to create
an integrated ecosystem health index. The ratings by a team of ecosystem experts and the calculated ecosystem health indices
had good correspondence, providing assurance that the approach was internally consistent, and that the management objectives
covered the relevant biologic issues for the region. This method of calculating and mapping ecosystem health, relating it
directly to management objectives, may have widespread applicability for ecosystem assessment. 相似文献
329.
We examined the principal effects of different information network topologies for local adaptive management of natural resources.
We used computerized agents with adaptive decision algorithms with the following three fundamental constraints: (1) Complete
understanding of the processes maintaining the natural resource can never be achieved, (2) agents can only learn by experimentation
and information sharing, and (3) memory is limited. The agents were given the task to manage a system that had two states:
one that provided high utility returns (desired) and one that provided low returns (undesired). In addition, the threshold
between the states was close to the optimal return of the desired state. We found that networks of low to moderate link densities
significantly increased the resilience of the utility returns. Networks of high link densities contributed to highly synchronized
behavior among the agents, which caused occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and high utility
returns. A constructed network involving a small set of experimenting agents was capable of combining high utility returns
with high resilience, conforming to theories underlying the concept of adaptive comanagement. We conclude that (1) the ability
to manage for resilience (i.e., to stay clear of the threshold leading to the undesired state as well as the ability to re-enter
the desired state following a collapse) resides in the network structure and (2) in a coupled social–ecological system, the
systemwide state transition occurs not because the ecological system flips into the undesired state, but because managers
lose their capacity to reorganize back to the desired state.
An erratum to this article can be found at . 相似文献
330.
Environmental Auditing and the Role of the Accountancy Profession: A Literature Review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This review of the literature on environmental auditing and the potential role of accountants distinguishes between compliance audits and audits of the environmental management system. After an extensive introduction to the concept, this review focuses on the similarities and differences between an environmental audit and a financial statement audit. The general approach to both types of audits is similar, except that environmental audits are largely unregulated. Both audits place an emphasis on the evaluation of control systems, which is an argument in favor of external auditors playing a role in environmental audits. Another argument for including external accountants is their code of ethics. However, these professionals seem to be reluctant to enter the field of environmental auditing. It is argued that this reluctance is because of a lack of generally accepted principles for conducting environmental audits. If external accountants are engaged in environmental auditing, they should be part of multidisciplinary teams that also include scientists and engineers to avoid a too strong focus on procedures. Rather than treating these audits as totally different, it is proposed that there be a move towards integrated, or even universal, audits. 相似文献