等离子体催化降解甲苯途径的原位红外研究

考察了在常温常压条件下,等离子体分别协同SiO₂、Al₂O₃、NiO/Al₂O₃降解甲苯的性能,并从材料的介电常数、对甲苯的吸附性及臭氧分解能力等角度分析了不同活性表现的原因,同时,采用原位红外技术研究了甲苯降解过程中催化剂表面吸附物种的变化.结果表明,当甲苯浓度为100 ppm,气体流量为100 mL·min^-1时,一定范围内,甲苯降解率随着能量密度、介电常数、吸附性及臭氧分解能力的提高而提高.甲苯在催化剂表面的吸附对其降解途径有十分重要的影响:在放电区域中加入SiO₂,甲苯仍然在气相中完成降解;而存在Al₂O₃ 及NiO/Al₂O₃时,甲苯氧化成苯甲酸的过程主要发生在催化剂表面,是甲苯催化降解的关键步骤,苯甲酸在活性位点的积累将降低催化剂的反应活性.     

氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

直接大红4BE的磷钨酸均相光催化还原脱色

以磷钨酸(H3PW12O40,PW12)为光催化剂,异丙醇(Isopropanol)作为电子给体的条件下对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化还原脱色研究,考察PW12用量、IS浓度、直接大红4BE和盐浓度等因素的影响,结果表明杂多蓝(PW1-2)对直接大红4BE具有明显的还原脱色作用.pH=2.0,直接大红4BE初始浓度50 mg·L-1,PW12浓度为600 mg·L-1,IS浓度为0.13mol·L-1,50 min直接大红4BE的脱色率可达到90.39%.4BE的光催化还原脱色速率随PW12和IS浓度的增加而增加,最后趋于恒定;直接大红4BE初始浓度增加,其光反应一级速率常数降低;PW12、IS和4BE浓度之间存在交互影响.离子强度增加,4BE脱色速率减小,表现为负的盐效应,推测4BE与光反应生成的杂多蓝(PW1-2)进行复合,然后发生电子转移引起偶氮染料还原脱色和杂多蓝氧化复原.本研究结果表明PW12/IS/UV能够有效用于偶氮染料直接大红4BE的还原脱色处理.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

OMS-2负载Pt催化剂的制备及其催化氧化性能研究

采用前掺杂法、沉积-沉淀法和浸渍法制备了氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)负载Pt催化剂(Pt/OMS-2),对所制催化剂进行了结构和织构表征。并研究了不同制备方法和沉积-沉淀法中不同制备(Pt负载量和溶液的pH值)对Pt/OMS-2催化氧化CO性能的影响。结果表明,沉积-沉淀法制备的Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂活性最好(T100=100℃)。这与Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂中Pt颗粒大小及OMS-2载体与Pt之间存在强相互作用有关。Pt负载量明显影响Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂的催化活性,3Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂(Pt=3.0 wt%)催化活性最高,这是由于适当Pt负载量,Pt颗粒较小,并与载体OMS-2的相互作用较强,能较好地活化OMS-2晶格氧。pH值对Pt/OMS-2-DP催化剂催化性能影响较大,这与OMS-2的等电点和Pt在不同溶液中存在不同Pt配位体形式有关。     

硝酸改性活性炭特征及其催化臭氧氧化性能

采用硝酸氧化对颗粒活性炭进行改性处理,研究了硝酸改性后活性炭结构和表面化学性质,及其对酸性大红3R的吸附能力和催化臭氧氧化去除效果的影响。结果表明,硝酸改性后,活性炭比表面积减小,微孔孔容减小,中孔孔容增大。活性炭表面以羧基为主的酸性含氧官能团随着硝酸改性浓度提高而显著增加,并对其吸附能力和催化臭氧氧化能力产生显著影响。硝酸改性活性炭吸附能力在碱性条件下由于表面酸性官能团和酸性大红3R之间的静电作用而有所降低;在酸性条件下由于二者的色散作用而增强。表面酸性官能团在碱性条件下参与臭氧分解,产生·OH,增强了硝酸改性活性炭对酸性大红3R的催化臭氧氧化去除效果。     

非均相类Fenton试剂的制备及其在焦化废水处理中的应用研究

利用浸渍法,将Fe3＋负载在经酸碱改性后的粉状活性炭上,当浸渍液浓度为2．5％,固化温度为270℃时,制成的催化剂催化活性较高。用自制的非均相类benton试剂降解焦化废水,通过正交试验和极差分析得出,影响因素的主次顺序为催化剂用量〉初始pH值〉反应时间〉H：0：投加量。结果表明,在100ml水样中。室温条件下,初始pH值为4．0,催化剂使用量为1．5g,H20：投加量为5ml（分两次投加）,反应时间为90min时,COD去除率可达99％。采用混凝＋化学沉淀＋非均相类Fenton试剂法处理焦化废水,各主要出水水质指标为：色度lO倍;COD浓度38．5mg／L;氨氮浓度8．4mg／L,达到国家一级排放标准。     

催化技术对绿色化学的影响研究

绿色化学又称环境友好化学,它是在化学产品的设计、制造和应用过程中运用一套原理和理论来减少或者消除对有害物质的生产和利用的一门学科。绿色化学工艺的目标是用化学的技术和手段去减少或消除那些对人类健康有害的原料、产物、副产物、溶剂和试剂等的产生或应用。催化技术是绿色化学工艺研究及应用的重要手段,简要介绍了绿色化学与催化的关系、催化剂的研究进展及典型实例,并列举了几种新型绿色催化剂,详细分析了其环境友好特性。     

试析催化燃烧技术在有机废气治理中的运用

有机废气治理是指通过不同手段减少工业生产的能源损耗、降低有机溶剂的使用量以及减少有机废气的排放量.而催化燃烧技术是使有机物在催化剂的作用下进行低温氧化反应,达到高效节能、减少有机废气排放量的目的.本文就三种常见有机废气的治理中运用催化燃烧技术的方法进行介绍.