香烟燃烧过程有害元素气固分配比实验研究

在香烟燃烧过程中会有部分元素残留在灰相,另一部分元素随气相迁移进入大气和吸烟者呼吸道,本文借助稳定残留在烟灰中的元素K为桥梁,估算了三种品牌香烟中8个有害元素在香烟燃烧过程中随气相迁移和残留在灰相中的分配比例。Hg、Cd、As、Se是其中容易进入气相的元素,迁移比例为Hg89.40%、Cd73.92%、As67.12%、Se61.68%,Pb、Be、Ni、Cr则容易残留在烟灰中,迁移比例为Pb44.53%、Be23.90%、Ni19.60%、Cr19.56%。不同品牌的香烟中元素含量和元素的迁移状况虽有不同,但元素总体表现一致。考虑元素在香烟中的赋存量和迁移进入气相的比例后,Pb、Cd是燃烧过程中释放量较大的元素。     

河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究现状与问题

文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。     

土壤元素背景值的研究——以南方某区域为例

依据南方某区域农业地质与生态地球化学调查取得的区域地球化学资料,按照不同土壤类型求取了研究区的土壤元素背景值,并分别与该区域所在省和全国平均水平进行横向和纵向比较,进而对研究区土壤中各元素及指标的丰缺状况进行分析,从而对现有土壤利用状况作出评价,为该地区土壤污染评价和治理修复提供了重要的地球化学依据,也为农业环境的规划和相应标准的制定提供了基础资料.     

无铅焊料合金中重金属元素浸出行为的研究

选用Sn.3.5Ag-0.5Cu、Sn-3.5Ag、Sn-0.5Cu无铅焊料合金及它们与Cu的钎焊接头,研究了它们在典型的酸性、碱性和盐溶液中的重金属元素的浸出规律.结果表明,焊料合金中的主要浸出元素Sn在酸性或碱性溶液中的浸出量都不是太多,而在NaCl盐溶液中浸出量增大2个数量级.制备成钎焊接头后,在酸性环境中,Sn-3.5Ag和Sn.0.5Cu钎焊接头中Sn的浸出量增加1个数量级以上,而在NaOH碱性环境中.Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu钎焊接头中Sn的浸出量相对较高.该结果对电子垃圾填埋环境选择及相关决策提供了参考.     

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) method and geo-accumulation (I_geo) index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of I_geo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 (n = 23, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.     

Element and mineral characterization of dust emission from the saline land at Songnen Plain, Northeastern China

Recent observations of Asian dust storms show an eastern expansion of the source area to degraded lands, where dust emissions have been little studied. The dust concentrations over the saline land of the western Songnen Plain (SSL), Northeastern China, are circumstantially higher than those from the northwestern Chinese deserts. These concentrations are sensitive to the surface soil conditions and wind velocity on the ground. The dust samples collected during dust storm events on the SSL contain abundant Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Ti, as well as toxic elements such as Cu, V, Zn and Ba. Individual particle analysis reveals that fine saline particles (< 10 μm in diameter) on the saline land, consisting largely of carbonate, halite and sulfate together with lithogenic minerals such as SiO₂ and aluminosilicate, are eventually uplifted during the interval from spring to autumn. The predominantly fine saline particles uplifted from the SSL are likely transported eastward by the winter monsoon circulation and westerlies. Recent degradation of saline lands in Northeastern China would not only increase the frequency of dust storm events in the downwind area, but also might change the chemical composition of the Asian dust emissions.     

2297-T87铝锂合金用于大气腐蚀性的比较

目的利用铝锂合金的大气腐蚀试验结果评价大气腐蚀性。方法对第三代铝锂合金2297-T87在6个自然环境试验站户外暴露后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度、拉伸性能进行分析,综合评价各地区大气腐蚀性。结果2297-T87铝锂合金在团岛、万宁、永兴岛暴露1年后出现显著腐蚀,腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率约为江津的2倍、西双版纳的4倍,北京的腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率最低。合金最大腐蚀深度的变化趋势与腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率的变化趋势一致。观察横截面发现,在万宁、永兴岛、江津暴露后,合金发生严重的点蚀,在腐蚀产物覆盖区域下方形成不规则蚀坑,而在团岛暴露后,合金内部发生晶间腐蚀。合金在江津、永兴岛、万宁、团岛暴露后的拉伸性能仍比较接近,且拉伸强度保持率在90%以上。结论将2297-T87铝锂合金暴露1年后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度作为表征指标,获得各试验站的大气腐蚀性顺序为:北京<西双版纳<江津<永兴岛<万宁<团岛。     

梵净山野生红菇矿质元素分布特征及土壤相关性分析

为了开发利用梵净山自然保护区内野生红菇资源,需了解区内野生红菇中矿质元素质量比范围、分布和富集特征,并探究野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中矿质元素与土壤环境的相关性.本文采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定5种野生红菇菌盖、菌柄和根际土壤中12种矿质元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cd、Hg、Pb、As质量比,通过转移系数(TF)评价矿质元素在野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中的分布特征,并用菌盖、菌柄生物富集系数(BCFc、BCFs)评价野生红菇菌盖、菌柄对矿质元素的富集能力,最后用pearson相关系数评价野生红菇菌盖和菌柄与土壤环境相关性.结果表明:K是野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中质量比最高的大量元素,Fe是野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中质量比最高的微量元素.野生红菇菌盖中K、Mg、Cu、Mn、Cd和Hg质量比大于菌柄(TF＞1),而野生红菇菌柄中Na质量比大于菌盖(TF＜1).野生红菇菌盖和菌柄富含人体必需常量元素和微量元素,但菌盖和菌柄中As、Cd、Hg和Pb元素质量比与国家限量标准对比,均超过限量标准,这与野生红菇的生长环境有关.梵净山野生红菇极具开发利用潜力,但在开发过程中,应重视有毒重金属带来的健康风险.     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in the Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area （China） were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements （PGEs）. The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction （150 μm） were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations ofPt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentrations of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 rig/g, respectively. The distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the dements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

安全——生命的第五元素

短短两个月的时间里,我最要好的朋友和姐姐的相继离世,使我的心情异常沉重.