沼液还田下不同种植模式的重金属风险评价及安全消纳量分析

为探讨沼液中重金属对土壤质量、农林作物安全生产的影响,评价施用沼液对土壤环境与农林作物污染的风险,以及提出不同种植模式的沼液适宜用量,在广西壮族自治区主要生猪养殖区,选择蔬菜、果树、牧草、用材林等不同类型的耕地13个,采集0-20cm和20-40cm土层土壤样品以及部分植物的根系、茎秆、叶片、果实等,测定上述样品的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr等元素的含量,分析和评价土壤、农林作物的污染状况。结果显示：13个样点中,0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤的Cu、Zn污染样点比例相同,分别为46.2%和38.5%,高于Pb、Cd、Cr;0-20、20-40 cm土壤的Cu、Zn污染指数,以及0-20 cm土壤内梅罗综合污染指数与沼液浇灌总量呈显著正相关,而与年均浇灌量相关性不显著;耕地土壤5种元素的沼液消纳容量大小为Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd。9个可供食用的植物样点中,Pb含量超标的样点数最多,其次是Cr,占比分别为66.7%和44.4%;内梅罗综合污染指数处于污染的样点比例为88.9%。杂交象草（(Pennisetumamericanum×P.purpureum)...     

高级氧化技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是由2个或2个以上苯环组成的碳氢化合物,其致癌、致突变、致畸等特性对人类健康和生态环境产生不利的影响。由于PAHs具有低水溶性、高疏水性和难降解性等特点,导致PAHs污染土壤修复具有巨大挑战。高级氧化技术是处理PAHs污染土壤的有效手段。对高级氧化技术在PAHs污染土壤修复领域的研究进展进行了总结,对臭氧氧化、芬顿氧化和过硫酸盐氧化等高级氧化技术的优劣进行了分析;此外,探讨了表面活性剂在提升高级氧化效果方面的作用以及土壤理化环境条件对氧化过程的影响,分析了氧化过程对土壤微环境的潜在影响;最后,指出了高级氧化修复PAHs污染土壤的研究难点和未来方向。     

Competitive adsorption and mobility sequence of heavy metals in urban soils of southeastern China

Heavy metals can be introduced into urban soils at the same time. Therefore, their selective retention and competitive adsorption by the soils become of major importance in determining their availability and movement throughout the soil. In this study, the availability and mobility of six heavy metals in eight urban soils collected from different cities of Zhejiang Province, southeastern China were assessed using distribution coefficients（Kd） and retardation factor（Rf）. The results showed that there were great differences in the Kd and Rfamong the tested soils. The adsorption sequences were Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉Zn〉Ni, and the Kd decreased with increasing levels of metal addition. Ni generally has the lowest Rf values followed closely by Cd, and Zn whereas Cr and Pb reached the highest values. The results suggest that Ni and Zn have the highest mobility associated to the lowest adsorption, Cr and Pb present the opposite behavior. Correlation analysis indicates that soil pH, CaCO3 content, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） are key factors controlling the solubility and mobility of the metals in the urban soils.     

Monitoring impact of mefenacet treatment on soil microbial communities by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting and conventional testing procedures

The effect of acetanilide herbicide mefenacet on soil microbial communities was studied using paddy soil samples with different short-term treatments. The culturable bacteria （plate counts）, dehydrogenase activity and changes in community structure （denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis） were used for biological community assessments. Mefenacet was a significant stimulus to cultural aerobic bacteria and dehydrogenase activity while Sphingobacterium multivorum Y1, a bacterium efficiently degrading the mefenacet, only induced the increasing colony-forming unit （CFU） of bacteria but little effect on dehydrogenase activity during the whole experiment. The degree of similarity between the 16S rDNA profiles of the communities was quantified by numerically analyzing the DGGE band patterns. Similarity dendrograms showed that the microbial community structures of the mefenacet-treated and non-treated soils were not significantly different. But supplement of S. multivorum Y1 could increase the diversity of the microbial community in the mefenacet-polluted paddy soil. This work is a new attempt to apply the S. multivorum Y1 for remediation of the mefenacet-polluted environments.     

Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and their responses to nitrogen additions in three subtropical forests, south China

Three forests with different historical land-use, forest age, and species assemblages in subtropical China were selected to evaluate current soil N status and investigate the responses of soil inorganic N dynamics to monthly ammonium nitrate additions. Results showed that the mature monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest that has been protected for more than 400 years exhibited an advanced soil N status than the pine （Pinus massoniana） and pine-broadleaf mixed forests, both originated from the 1930＇s clear-cut and pine plantation. Mature forests had greater extractable inorganic N pool, lower N retention capacity, higher inorganic N leaching, and higher soil C/N ratios. Mineral soil extractable NH4^＋-N and NO3-N concentrations were significantly increased by experimental N additions on several sampling dates, but repeated ANOVA showed that the effect was not significant over the whole year except NH4^＋-N in the mature forest. In contrast, inorganic N （both NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in soil 20-cm below the surface was significantly elevated by the N additions. From 42% to 74% of N added was retained by the upper 20 cm soils in the pine and mixed forests, while 0%-70% was retained in the mature forest. Our results suggest that land-use history, forest age and species composition were likely to be some of the important factors that determine differing forest N retention responses to elevated N deposition in the study region.     

Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China

To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode （ISE） and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid （IDA）, ethylenediamine （EN）, and glycine （Gly） were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions （pCu^2＋） 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2＋ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2＋ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2＋ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2＋ （with R^2 value of 0.76）, while not important for the soluble Cu concentration.     

Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soils at roadside locations and parks of urban Guangzhou

Introduction In 2003, 48 per cent of the world's population is estimated to live in urban areas with the proportion that is urban projected to rise to 61 per cent by 2030 (United Nations, 2004). Moreover, during 2000— 2030 the world's urban population is…     

基于生态环境状况评价技术规范的生态环境质量评价研究——以内蒙古国家重点生态功能区县域为例

本文采用原环境保护部《生态环境状况评价技术规范》（HJ192-2015）的评价方法,对2019年内蒙古自治区43个重点生态功能区县域的生态功能状况进行评价。结果显示内蒙古43个重点生态功能区县域2019年FEI指数平均值为61.06,FEI指数最高的县域是阿尔山市,为72.70,最低的是开鲁县,为49.57。生态功能区功能状况为“优良”的县域个数比例为62.79%。防风固沙功能区FEI指数为60.84,水源涵养功能区FEI指数为63.14,水土保持功能区FEI指数为52.17。林草地覆盖率及特征指标的不同是导致不同功能区FEI指数差异的主要原因。     

基于遥感的近20年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段生态环境状况变化分析

本文通过遥感技术,从土地利用/覆盖、植被覆盖和生态功能三个方面对黄河乌兰布和沙漠段2000-2020年间的生态环境状况变化趋势进行分析.结果 表明:(1)土地利用与覆盖类型中林地、水域湿地、建设用地、耕地面积呈增加趋势,未利用地(沙地)和草地(灌丛草地)面积呈减少趋势.(2)植被覆盖度较低,植被覆盖指数均值为15,绝大...     

铁路机车乘务员睡眠状况调研

为进一步了解机车乘务员睡眠状况及影响因素,以更好改善职工睡眠状况、为保证行车安全提供依据。采用阿森斯失眠量表及睡眠呼吸障碍问卷等心理测量法,选取某铁路局集团公司864名机车乘务员开展相关调研。结果表明,机车乘务员睡眠问题较严重,有失眠和可疑失眠的机车乘务员合计占调查人员总数的96.5%;睡眠问题主要表现为睡不好和睡觉中打呼噜,分别占调查中有失眠问题机车乘务员总数的86.7%和65.3%;工作环境和工作压力大导致的睡眠问题是机车乘务员失眠的主要原因,体重指数超标与患阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停风险的机车乘务员占有失眠问题人员总数比例较高。进而提出加大睡眠健康宣传、降低职工体重指数及患阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的风险、改善机车乘务员工作环境、提高职工自我心理调节能力等改善职工睡眠质量的建议。