地理信息系统在城市环境管理中的应用

地理信息系统（GIS）技术的应用是环境科技发展的一个重要方向,可用于城市环境规划与决策、环境监测、环境评价、环境模拟与预测等方面的环境管理工作,是实现城市可持续发展有力的技术支持.本文对城市环境管理中地理信息系统的应用进行了分析,内容包括地理信息系统应用于城市环境管理的优越性、GIS在城市环境规划与决策、环境监测、环境评价、环境模拟与预测中的应用,最后,以城市环境管理地理信息系统为例介绍了GIS在环境管理中的具体应用.     

城市土壤重金属污染及治理对策

城市化的进程加速了城市土壤的重金属污染,对人类的健康及生命造成威胁。文中分析讨论了土壤重金属污染的来源、空间分布特征及其影响人体健康的途径,并从环境化学的角度提出了相应的污染治理的对策以实现城市可持续发展。     

系统动力学模型在城市发展规划环评中的应用——以山西省临汾市为例

鉴于作为评价对象的城市社会经济环境复合系统具有多目标、多要素、动态关联等突出的系统动力学特征,选择和应用系统动力学方法开展城市发展规划环评在理论上具有可行性和技术优势.作为典型资源型城市的山西省临汾市正面临转变发展方式和加快环境治理的紧迫要求,本文依托该市转型发展规划环评工作,在全面识别和剖析城市发展要素、现状问题及其成因基础上,以经济发展、产业结构、节能减排和环境改善为重点研究了规划要素间的动态反馈关系,以此构建城市转型发展规划环评SD模型,并对4个规划替代方案进行模拟和评价.结果显示,在环境目标刚性约束下所有替代方案均不能实现人均GDP翻番的较高经济增长目标,其中以较强环境约束为特征的"方案III"具有最好的环境与经济综合效果.据此评价建议临汾市应在确保实现环境改善目标的前提下主动放缓工业增长速度,同时加快以"煤焦铁电"为代表的主导产业结构调整并继续加大节能减排力度,全面提高城市可持续发展能力.     

清洁型城市河道养护管理技术标准的探讨

结合杭州古新河、西溪河、余杭塘河、备塘河、宁波马蜂港河、横间港河等十余条河道6~7年的持续养护管理经验(河道水质始终保持在V类水及以上),编写了清洁型城市河道养护管理技术标准。该标准简明扼要地概括了城市河道整治后的日常养护管理工作的主要内容、评价指标和适用范围以及技术档案管理系统的建立,为今后政府和相关企业河道养护管理作业提供了有益的参考。     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

Two-step accelerated mineral carbonation and decomposition analysis for the reduction of CO2 emission in the eco-industrial parks

Carbon dioxide（CO2） emissions are a leading contributor to the negative effects of global warming. Globally, research has focused on effective means of reducing and mitigating CO2 emissions. In this study, we examined the efficacy of eco-industrial parks（EIPs） and accelerated mineral carbonation techniques in reducing CO2 emissions in South Korea.First, we used Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index（LMDI） analysis to determine the trends in carbon production and mitigation at the existing EIPs. We found that, although CO2 was generated as byproducts and wastes of production at these EIPs, improved energy intensity effects occurred at all EIPs, and we strongly believe that EIPs are a strong alternative to traditional industrial complexes for reducing net carbon emissions. We also examined the optimal conditions for using accelerated mineral carbonation to dispose of hazardous fly ash produced through the incineration of municipal solid wastes at these EIPs. We determined that this technique most efficiently sequestered CO2 when micro-bubbling, low flow rate inlet gas, and ammonia additives were employed.     

欲要蓝天再现 先从完善立法开始

<正>雾霾锁国,深中霾伏,自强不吸……最近两年,大气污染成了13亿人民关注的焦点。为回应民意,中央政府迅速出台了《大气污染防治行动计划》,提出了"全国空气质量总体改善,重污染天气较大幅度减少"的总体目标,各级地方政府也就2017年具体减排目标纷纷做出承诺。一切似乎都预示实现呼吸清洁空气的梦想指日可待。然而,2013年年底国家发改委发布的"十二五"规划纲要     

国外河口城市气候变化适应策略及对中国的启示

<正>河口地区是遭受气候变化影响最为严重的区域之一。密集的人口、繁荣的经济使得河口城市根据当地的气候变化威胁制定相应的适应策略变得尤为重要和紧迫。英国伦敦、美国纽约和新奥尔良、日本东京、加拿大温哥华等国际重要河口城市已经制定了详尽的适应气候变化策略,其中有很多有益的经验值得我国的河口城市学     

氧化沟工艺提标过程中总磷的技改分析

昆明第一污水处理厂氧化沟工艺至今已运行25 a,随着滇池水环境的恶化,昆明市于2010年将污水处理厂排放标准由原来的一级B标提升至一级A标,总磷的提标是整个提标过程中的重中之重。作者通过对除磷工艺的摸索,研究了除磷加药工艺优化运行的方式,确定了加药量的计算公式,为国内外其他水厂的提标技改,提供技术参考。