排水沟渠炉渣与底泥对水中氮、磷截留效应

通过等温热力学吸附实验,将炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对水中氨氮的去除效果进行比较,并采用Langmuir等温吸附方程对3种基质吸附氨氮、磷酸盐的量进行拟合;通过动力学实验,比较3种基质吸附速率.结果表明,炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.49,1.03,1.75mg/g,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为0.99,2.33,1.88mg/g;4h内基质吸附氨氮速率分别为:0.10,0.11,0.54mg/(g·h),2h内基质吸附磷酸盐速率分别为:0.048,0.051,0.096mg/(g·h).由于沟渠底泥较为松散、遇水冲刷易流失,故选择炉渣作为沟渠基质坝的填充物.基质坝能够减缓渠水流速,延长渠水的水力停留时间(HRT).     

Effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrogen leaching, nitrifying organisms, and enzyme activities in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system

DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.     

软水中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐体系溶解性铜释放影响

通过静态模拟试验研究了在软水体系中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐缓蚀行为的影响,结果表明,富里酸含量、软水pH值、停留时间影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀作用;高浓度的富里酸(16mg/L,以TOC计)明显增加溶解性铜释放,且从新铜管释放溶解性铜浓度高于老化6个月和12个月的铜管;在富里酸存在下,pH值较低时显著增加溶解性铜的释放,随着pH值的增大,富里酸对溶解性铜的释放影响降低;在96h的停留过程中,溶解性铜的释放浓度不断发生变化,表明富里酸与铜离子形成的络合物影响磷酸与铜的相互作用,从而影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀效果.     

空调冷却塔水与空气军团菌的PCR方法快速检测

应用 Enviro Amp PCR-反向杂交法(涉及 5S rRNA基因和 mip基因 )和半巢式 PCR(涉及 16S rRNA基因 )成功检测人工气溶胶化的军团菌 ,这些方法进一步用于检测空调系统冷却塔的水及由其产生的气溶胶中的军团菌 ,从空气样品中检测到军团菌属及嗜肺军团菌 .检测的冷却塔水样品 100%含军团菌属细菌 ,其中 41.6%含嗜肺军团菌 .2种方法相比 ,半巢式 PCR法更经济、方便 .     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

过量施用含DMPP氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

采用田间试验对过量施用含硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究.结果表明,与尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)相比,DMPP与硫硝铵、尿素配合形成的新型氮肥(ASN+DMPP, urea+DMPP)均可显著降低小白菜硝酸盐累积,提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和Zn含量,改善品质,ASN+DMPP作用更为明显.与ASN、urea相比,ASN+DMPP处理小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低16.0%和14.1%,均达到了显著性水平;urea+DMPP与urea、ASN相比,小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低7.9%和7.6%,均达到了显著性水平.urea+DMPP、ASN+DMPP明显减少茎叶、特别是茎中硝酸盐积累,抑制幅度以ASN+DMPP较大.此外,ASN+DMPP还可缓解因氮肥过多引起的减产效应.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

胞外多聚物及其对废水生物处理的影响

胞外多聚物(EPS)是包裹在活性污泥微生物外的聚合物,在废水生物处理中起重要的作用。主要介绍胞外多聚物的特性、提取方法、组分测定方法以及对废水生物处理的影响。     

不同养分对磷酸盐固定的污染土壤中铜锌生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在磷酸盐固定铜、锌单一及复合的三级污染(Cu 200 mg·kg^-1、Zn 400 mg·kg^-1)红壤和水稻土中,种植黑麦草40　d,测定不加养分、加入KCl和NH₄Cl、K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄后土壤中有效态铜锌含量、黑麦草生物量及其铜锌吸收量,以讨论养分对污染土壤中磷酸盐固定态铜锌的活化作用.结果表明,磷酸盐固定的铜单一、锌单一和铜锌复合污染红壤中,增加养分,有效态铜锌的含量都较未加入养分的增高,并且养分KCl和NH₄Cl的增高幅度大于K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,其中在磷酸盐固定的锌单一污染红壤中,有效态锌含量较未加入养分时增幅高达133.4%.虽然加入K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,促进了红壤中黑麦草植株的生长,最大增幅达22.2%,但同时也增加了植株21.5%～112.6%的铜锌吸收量.调节养分对水稻土中铜锌的生物有效性没有显著影响.施入氮钾等养分能够改变磷酸盐固定的污染红壤中铜锌的生物有效性,对固定的铜锌都有活化作用.因此,在重金属污染土壤的修复中要充分考虑施肥等养分条件对固定钝化的重金属活性的影响.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰稳定化处理新工艺的研究

在生活垃圾焚烧处置过程中，会产生一定量的飞灰（Fly Ash）．飞灰中含有危害环境的有害元素，根据国家有关规定，必须按危险废物处置。文章介绍了传统的水泥稳定化处理飞灰的工艺及应用射流技术稳定化处理飞灰的新工艺；对磷酸盐固化剂的固化机理及配比进行了分析；并对新老工艺的成本进行了比较。