湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气烟尘污染的变化

利用1985～2004年能见度和有烟日观测资料,统计分析了20 a当中,湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气受烟尘污染的变化.结果表明:湄洲湾夏季沿海能见度明显好于冬季,这可能与冬夏盛行风向不同,输送排放污染源地不同以及不同季节天气气候条件相关.湄洲湾冬季和夏季沿海能见度呈显著下降趋势,尤以夏季为突出.污染日在86～199d之间徘徊;1985～1988年是污染"轻微期",年平均污染日101d;1997～2000年是污染"严重期",年平均污染日达186 d.     

潮间带沉积物/大气Hg的释放的模拟研究

研究了潮间带沉积物中的Hg向大气的释放,结果表明光照造成沉积物中的Hg快速向大气释放.光照8 h后,海泊河口和黄河口沉积物释放到大气中的Hg分别占58%和51%,其释放通量总体上遵循先升高后降低的规律,前者在13:00～14:00达到最大值2 830μg/(m2·h),后者在12:00～13:00达到最大值73μg/(m2·h);海泊河口沉积物Hg的释放通量与大气温度、沉积物温度和光照强度的相关系数分别为0.83(P＜0.05)、0.98(P＜0.01)和0.73(P＜0.05),黄河口沉积物Hg的释放通量与大气温度、沉积物温度和光照强度的相关系数分别为0.73(P＜0.05)、0.80(P＜0.05)和0.81(P＜0.01),温度、光照对沉积物Hg的释放有重要的影响.     

Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

中美典型干热气候下整车大气暴露环境严酷度分析

针对干热环境,国内外比较典型的整车大气暴露试验场地为新疆吐鲁番干热自然环境试验场和美国凤凰城干热自然环境试验场.本文主要从气候严酷度、汽车微环境进行对比,探讨不同试验场环境对汽车耐候性的影响,同时为汽车耐候性试验场地的选择提供参考.     

不同时间尺度下福建省地闪频次同大气污染物浓度间的相关性研究

本研究利用2017—2018年福建省9个设区城市的地闪资料和环境监测数据,开展了逐季节与逐月份时间尺度下,福建省地闪频次及同大气污染物浓度[包括:二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、直径小于等于2.5μm、10μm的颗粒物(PM2.5与PM10)、臭氧(O3)和一氧化碳(CO)]的相关性分析,并筛选出2个人为因素影...     

三峡消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量及其影响因素

应用动力通量箱(Dynamic Flux Chamber,DFC)与高时间分辨率的RA-915+自动汞分析仪联用技术,在消落带沉积物出露期,野外现场监测沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量,同时对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:三峡库区消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量范围为-6.80±12.35~28.17±36.17 ng/(m2·h)晴天库区消落带沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量表现出相同的变化趋势,即从早晨开始沉积物-大气界面汞的交换通量逐渐增加,到正午左右达到峰值,之后交换通量逐渐减小,但阴天这一趋势不明显。暖季白天沉积物-大气界面汞交换通量都以释放为主,冷季白天则以沉降为主。暖季晴天,沉积物-大气汞交换通量与气温、沉积物温度、光照强度呈显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈显著负相关关系。无论晴天还是阴天,大气汞浓度都与沉积物-大气汞交换通量呈负相关关系。白天,光照强度和大气汞浓度是影响消落带沉积物/大气界面汞交换通量的主要因素,而在夜间,沉积物温度和大气汞浓度是其主要影响因素。     

西安市大气和水污染对人群健康损害的经济价值损失研究

环境污染对人群健康造成损害的经济价值评价一直是学术界讨论的热点．采用不同的价值评估方法-VPLL潜在寿命损失年法、VSL统计生命价值法、WTP支付意愿法对西安市1996—2003年的大气和水污染对人群健康造成的经济损失进行评价。结果表明：1996—2003年。西安市大气和水污染健康损失年平均为228792万-434237万元，占GDP的3．69％-7％。对居民健康有显着影响。     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

“十一五”环境科技创新的优先领域

①水污染防治：包括饮用水安全保障及关键支撑技术;流域（区域）水污染控制与工程示范等。②大气污染防治：包括区域大气污染现状、成因与污染损失评估;城市大气环境污染与控制;工业废气治理技术等。③土壤污染防治与农村环境综合整治：包括土壤污染与修复技术;农村环境综合整治与农村面源污染防治等。