羟基自由基氧化降解水中土臭素的效率与机制

土臭素(Geosmin,GSM)是一种由蓝绿藻及放线菌产生,具有令人讨厌土霉味的化合物.地表水中存在土臭素,尽管量少,但因传统水处理工艺难以去除,大大降低了饮用水的感官质量.本文采用大气压强电场电离放电结合水力射流空化方式制备的羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radicals,·OH)对水中GSM进行氧化降解,研究了氧化剂投加剂量、接触时间因素的影响,并根据气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)全扫描获取的中间产物探讨了·OH氧化降解GSM的机制.实验结果表明:当氧化剂投加剂量为0.8 mg·L~(-1),管路中接触反应6 s,可把初始浓度100 ng·L~(-1)的GSM降解到10 ng·L~(-1)以下;提高氧化剂投加量至2.6 mg·L~(-1),接触反应180 s,可氧化降解500 ng·L~(-1)的GSM至10 ng·L~(-1)以下,达到我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006).在GSM水样中加入叔丁醇(Tertiary butyl alcohol,TBA)·OH淬灭剂,GSM氧化降解效果明显降低,间接证明了降解GSM的主要物质为·OH.对氧化降解GSM的中间产物分析表明·OH可以破坏GSM双环结构并最终将其矿化成CO_2和H_2O.     

模板剂十二胺对胺改性HMS吸附CO2的影响

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、十二胺为模板剂制备中孔硅HMS-1,采用焙烧和乙醇萃取的方法去除其模板剂,所得材料分别为HMS-2与HMS-3,并将四乙烯五胺（TEPA）与二乙醇胺（DEA）混合负载于3种材料上,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外（FTIR）与氮气吸附实验对材料进行表征,研究改性前后的HMS对常压下低浓度CO₂的吸附性能及再生能力.XRD与FTIR结果表明,TEPA与DEA已被成功负载到HMS孔道内.氮气吸附实验表明,保留模板剂和胺基改性后,材料的孔容显著降低.20℃下,初始浓度为10%的CO₂在材料上的吸附量顺序为：MA-HMS-1（3.29mmol/g） > MA-HMS-3（2.7mmol/g） > HMS-1（1.88mmol/g） > MA-HMS-2（1.65mmol/g） > HMS-2（1.33mmol/g）,模板剂的存在,不仅增加了CO₂的吸附位点,还对混合胺改性的HMS吸附CO₂起到了协同作用.在20~75℃范围内,MA-HMS-1与MA-HMS-3受温度影响最明显,65℃时吸附量达最大值;随着温度的升高,HMS-1的吸附量随温度升高持续降低;MA-HMS-2的吸附量基本不变.含胺基的4种材料（HMS-1、MA-HMS-1、MA-HMS-2与MA-HMS-3）在80℃下拥有优良的再生性能,经4次循环再生后,MA-HMS-1的再生率为97.5%,高于MA-HMS-2（83%）和MA-HMS-3（84%）,保留HMS的模板剂对材料的再生性能有明显促进作用.     

多核yolk?shell型Co3O4@mSiO2纳米反应器降解双酚A

采用阳离子表面活性剂协助的自模板法合成了中空介孔SiO₂微球（HMSS）,然后向含HMSS的悬浮液中加入醋酸钴溶液和氨水,让两种溶液经HMSS表面介孔进入空腔中反应生成Co₃O₄内核,合成了多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂（介孔SiO₂）纳米反应器.结合XRD、XPS、SEM、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积.结果显示纳米反应器均匀分散,粒径约为300nm,表面布满介孔,内部分布大量Co₃O₄纳米粒子,拥有极大的比表面积161m²/g,远大于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的比表面积35m²/g,能有效吸附双酚A（BPA）,1h吸附容量达12.7mg/g.多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂纳米反应器能高效催化过一硫酸氢盐（PMS）降解BPA,2h降解率达81.8%,远高于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的降解率51.3%,同时能节省PMS的投加量,避免水中盐度过高.此外,合成的纳米反应器具有很好的再利用性,在pH值3~9范围内表现出稳定而高效的催化性能.     

纳米复合聚硅酸铝的颗粒粒度效应:Al_(13)与氧化硅的相互作用及其混凝特征

为了研究纳米复合聚硅酸铝(PASC)混凝剂的颗粒粒度效应,以实验室提纯的Al13溶液和活化水玻璃为原料,制备一系列不同粒度分布的PASC.以Al-Ferron法测定的铝水解形态表明,在该混凝剂中,Al13作为混凝优势形态具有较好的稳定性.氧化硅聚集度的测定和粒度分析结果表明,活化硅酸的加入能显著提高混凝剂的平均粒度,同时,Si/Al比(物质的量比)是影响平均粒度的主要因素.在活化硅酸不过量的前提下,Si/Al比和混凝剂的平均粒度呈正相关.混凝实验结果表明,在保证电中和能力的前提下,混凝剂的颗粒粒度越大,混凝剂的除浊能力越强.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

利用Google Earth研究构造对喀斯特地貌的控制和对碳酸盐岩岩系风化成土的影响

通过互联网Google Earth欧洲卫星图像资料的观察,发现贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩风化成土能力与地层岩性、构造和地貌等密切相关。二叠系生物礁石漠化显著,成土能力差;三叠系大冶组薄层灰岩成土能力高,很少有石漠化;地层倾角大的碳酸盐岩区,石漠化不显著;地层平缓的碳酸盐岩区,石漠化强或中等,碳酸盐岩风化成土能力中等。另外,大型节理带对碳酸盐岩风化成土具有明显的控制作用,节理带碳酸盐岩溶蚀相对强烈,常形成低洼地形,碳酸盐岩风化成土速率较高,红粘土堆积相对厚,不容易石漠化;而节理带间的区域往往地形较高,是石漠化易发育的区域。     

氧化剂与新型絮凝剂协同去除酸性大红的研究

选取浓度为25mg/L的酸性大红-GR溶液为模拟染料废水,采用氧化-絮凝耦合工艺,探索了氧化剂种类、絮凝剂种类、废水pH值、氧化剂和絮凝剂投加量对氧化-絮凝耦合处理酸性大红染料的影响,确定最佳处理条件为:酸性大红溶液初始pH值不变,高锰酸钾和PTSS的投加量分别为为20mg/L和10mg/L(以钛离子计),脱色率和COD去除率均最大,分别为96.3%、56.5%。通过FTIR光谱扫描、絮体的显微形貌观察、酸性大红和新型絮凝剂聚硅硫酸钛(PTSS)的表面电动电位随pH值的变化的测定,分析了氧化-絮凝耦合法的反应历程:高锰酸钾破坏酸性大红的发色基团后,自身被还原成新生态二氧化锰胶体;二氧化锰胶体吸附酸性大红及其氧化产物,并被无机高分子絮凝剂PTSS通过电中和及架桥网捕等作用卷裹成絮体。     

垃圾防渗粘性土对多环芳烃菲(PHEs)的吸附作用研究

研究了持久性有机污染物多环芳烃菲(PHEs)在垃圾防渗粘性土中的吸附机理规律及其吸附模型,探讨了pH值及土样颗粒等影响因素对吸附效果的作用机制,提出了垃圾填埋场防渗粘性土的优化设计。结果表明:菲在粘性土中的吸附过程包括4个阶段,达到吸附平衡的时间为9h;吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,相关系数为0.98,属于非线性等温吸附;菲的水-土分配系数Kd为0.01,有机碳和水之间的分配系数为14.29;当pH值7.42时,土样对菲的吸附量随pH值的增大而迅速增大;pH值7.42的酸性环境中,对菲的吸附量也变大,但是随着酸性的加强,当pH值6.74之后,吸附能力不再有明显变化;菲的最大吸附量与土体的粘粒含量、比表面积呈正比,由大到小顺序为粘性土粉质粘土细砂。     

数控碟式液限仪的研制与应用

研制了一种与手动碟式液限仪基本原理一致的数控碟式液限仪,它是在手动碟式液限仪上设计安装了标准击打速率等若干数控电路,从而消除了手动碟式液限仪人工操作容易产生的误差,且样机结构设计及使用性能均能达到预定设计目标;经数控碟式液限仪与手动碟式液限仪的对比试验显示,数控碟式液限仪测定黏性土液限指标符合精度要求;该仪器为试验效率的提高、人员操作智能化程度的增强、试验劳动强度的降低创造了有利条件。