Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.     

钦州湾秋季营养盐分布特征及营养状态分析研究

根据2010年9月对钦州湾海域的现场调查资料,分析了钦州湾表层海水中营养盐的分布特征及其富营养化。结果表明：该湾亚硝酸盐（N02-N）,硝酸盐（NO,-N）,铵盐（NH4-N）,磷酸盐（PO4-P）和活性硅（SiO3-Si）平均含量及范围分别为0．032（0．006-0．059）mg／L,0．262（0．018-0．663）mg／L,0．076（0．032-0．120）mg／L,0．009（0．001～0．02）mg／L和1．213（0．191-4．078）mg／L。在空间分布上,各营养盐含量均呈现出湾内高,湾外低的分布趋势,体现出秋季陆地径流的主导控制作用。相关性分析表明,秋季营养盐的补充均以陆源输入供应为主,对整个海湾的营养水平起到了主导控制作用。根据营养状态指数评价模式计算结果显示,秋季钦州湾调查海区总体表现为中度营养水平。     

5083铝合金电化学性能影响因素研究

采用动电位扫描及循环伏安试验方法,研究了工作电极表面状态、Cl浓度、pH值等因素对5083铝合金在质量分数为3．5％的NaCl溶液中电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明,试样表面进行抛光后,点蚀电位变正,点蚀保护电位正移。随着Cl-浓度的降低,点蚀电位磊明显正移;当Cl-浓度超过1％（质量分数）后,Cl-浓度对鼠的影响则不明显。溶液的pH值及其它阴离子的添加均会对5083铝合金点蚀电位及保护电位产生影响。     

民航飞行员安全心理测评模型研究

利用基础心理学心理过程分析对民航飞行员安全心理健康水平进行研究,结合民航飞行员的职业特点,总结了民航飞行员安全心理要素,构建了基于基础心理学心理过程模型及其改进创新后的民航飞行员安全心理健康测评指标体系,通过项目分析、因子分析和信效度分析对测评指标体系进行进一步修正,并利用修正后的测评模型,采用模糊综合评价法对民航飞行员的安全心理健康状况进行测评,测评结果可真实地反映该飞行员的安全心理健康状况,为筛选安全心理较薄弱的飞行员,并为进一步提高飞行员安全心理健康水平提供支持。     

管制员心理平衡状态和职业适应性调查与分析

为考察管制员心理平衡状态和职业适应性水平,采用一般健康问卷、适应特质问卷和心理平衡问卷对106名管制员进行调查与分析。调查发现管制员比较看重生存需要和安全需要,在薪资收入、休息休假、生活条件方面满意度低、平衡状态差;不同心理需要的管制员的工作价值观、工作行动力、工作满意感、心理平衡状态在岗位、年龄、性别、本单位工作年限上均有不同显著性的差异。根据适应特质和适应状态的二维分布对管制员的职业适应性进行区域划分,管理部门可根据职业适应性分布特点,确定管制员心理状态风险等级,并制定相应的干预措施,如采取工作价值观塑造、工作行动力提升、工作满意度与心理平衡状态调节等措施来提升管制员职业适应性。     

基于多工况融合的化工装置异常状态预警研究

化工装置的异常状态会导致生产运行过程中发生重大安全事故。提出一种基于多工况融合的化工装置异常状态预警策略,即:分析反映化工装置异常状态的特征参数,采用隶属函数对特征参数变化趋势进行量化处理,计算得到各特征参数的偏差程度;利用特征参数变化速率确定特征参数权重的分配原则与算法,结合特征参数偏差程度和权重的计算结果,构建了基于多工况参数融合的化工装置异常状态预警模型;利用西南油气田川中油气矿天然气净化厂DCS系统数据对预警策略进行了验证。验证结果表明:与传统单参数阈值报警相比,本文提出的预警策略可提前8min预知脱硫塔异常"发泡"事件,从而达到过程安全管理关口提前的目的。     

基于FAHP与灰色聚类的航空地面电源车功能损伤状态评估

目的航空地面电源车战损情况下的功能损伤状态评估。方法以电源车的功能结构层次为基础建立指标体系,应用改进的模糊层次分析法(Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process,FAHP)法确定指标权重。建立灰色聚类评估模型,并提出指标灵敏度分析方法。结果通过实例验证了方法的可行性和有效性。结论基于FAHP与灰色聚类的方法能够最大限度地利用了有效信息,对电源车功能损伤状态进行科学、合理和全面的评估。     

提高工业炸药生产本质安全的途径

工业炸药属高危险行业,工业炸药的易燃易爆属性,使得工业炸药生产、运输、储存过程具有较大的危险性,发生后果严重的燃烧爆炸事故概率相对较高。运用安全技术措施消除物的不安全状态,用提高从业人员的安全素质来消除人的不安全行为,从而实现工业炸药生产过程的本质安全。     

公众参与在环境风险评估中的作用

在环境风险评估中,公众参与可以让公众的个人知识对专业评估做出补充,让公众对评估程序进行监督,可以大大减少风险带来的损失,提高公众的心理承受力,起到稳定民心的效果。应运用各种手段完善环境信息公开,并在环境信息的采集上吸纳公众的最直接的感受,使其与跟科学检测的一些指标相配合。