环球扫描

为绿色飞行而战 欧盟新排放标准规定,凡是有飞机在欧洲降落的航空公司均需向欧盟提交有关如何遵守排放标准的计划书。美国航空运输协会环境事务副总裁南希·扬说：“我们反对这一计划的态度非常坚决。”她同时指出,购买排放许可将使航空公司缺乏足够的资金来研发减排的创新技术。     

环球扫描

皮特·扎赫勒：拯救阿富汗野生动物 阿富汗80％的野生动物是直接依靠自然资源生存的。如果没有可持续性的自然资源,它们就无法存活。因此自然保护是阿富汗重建的核心支柱。     

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus,fueled by biodiesel in Toledo,Ohio,single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS).Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm.The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters:square,pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,agglomerate,sphere,triangle,oblong,strip,line or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The square particles were common in the samples.Round and triangle particles are more,and pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,strip,line or sticks are less.Agglomerate particles were found in abundance.The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse.The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo.The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.     

Paper sludge as a feasible soil amendment for the immobilization of Pb^2＋

The possibility of amending Pb 2+ contaminated soil (S) with paper sludge (P) was investigated through adsorption and desorption experiments. The adsorption process of Pb 2+ in soil containing paper sludge (SP) could be well described by pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. After P addition, the equilibrium time decreased greatly (from 28 to 8 hr) and the Pb 2+ maximum adsorbed amount (Q max ) increased by a factor of more than three to 102.04 mg/g. Q max reached its maximum as...     

长安地裂缝带黄土的微观结构特征研究

以长安地裂缝带黄土为研究对象,通过采取裂缝面上的黄土及未受裂缝影响的原状黄土进行电镜扫描试验,对两者的微观结构特征进行了对比研究,并分析了裂缝带附近黄土物理力学性质变异的原因。结果表明:裂缝面黄土与原状黄土在微观结构上存在显著差别,主要表现为裂缝面黄土颗粒接触类型为面-面接触,具有定向排列现象,颗粒之间孔隙较小、结构致密,并可见明显的擦痕,原状黄土颗粒接触类型则表现为棱-面接触或面-面接触,并发育缝隙状孔隙,总体为镶嵌孔隙结构;两者微观结构的差异表明地裂缝的活动具有剪切滑移特征。     

Photoelectrochemical degradation of Methylene Blue with -PbO2 electrodes driven by visible light irradiation

-PbO2 electrodes were prepared by electro-deposition and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry. We confirmed pure -PbO2 crystals were on the electrode and it had a high oxygen evolution potential. The photoactivity and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the -PbO2 electrode were investigated under visible light irradiation ( > 420 nm) for the decolorization of Methylene Blue. Pseudo first-order kinetics parameter (Kapp) for dye decolorization using the -PbO2 electrode achieved 6.71×10?4 min?1 under visible light irradiation, which indicated its excellent visible light-induced photoactivity. The Kapp of the PEC process was as much as 1.41×10?3 min?1 and was 1.71 times that of visible light irradiation or electrolysis even in the presence of the -PbO2 electrode. A significant synergetic effect was observed in the PEC system. We also employed TiO2 modified -PbO2 electrodes in this test, which revealed that the TiO2 immobilized on the -PbO2 electrode inhibited the visible light-induced PEC efficiency despite the amount of TiO2 used for electrode preparation. The -PbO2 electrode was also superior to the dimensionally stable anode (Ti/Ru0:3Ti0:7O2) in visible light-induced photoactivity and PEC efficiency.     

Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass: A potential biosorbent for chromium ions removal

The Cr(III) sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values (2–6) under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10–50 mg/L and the chemical compositions of Cr-Cu and Cr-Cd. The Cr(III) sorption capacities were slightly dependent on pH, and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.86 mg/g at pH 3. The sorption capacities increased with increase in the initial metal concentration, whereas it was suppressed by the presence of Cu(II) and Cd(III) in the solution. The Cr(III) sorption equilibrium was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms. The sorption mechanisms were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main mechanisms were ion exchange coupled with a complexation mechanism. Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass represents a potential for Cr(III) ion removal from aqueous solution.     

温度对发射药比热容影响规律研究

目的确定发射药比热容参数。方法选用发射药9/7单基药、SF-3和GATo推进剂为研究对象,利用热重分析仪研究发射药的热分解特性,确定实验温度区间。利用差示扫描量热仪采用动态温度调制法对温度区间内发射药比热容进行测量,对发射药比热容变化规律进行分析,并计算热力学函数。结果发射药的比热容随温度升高而逐渐变大。结论在进行发射药热模拟计算时,从安全角度出发,应该使用常温下发射药比热容。     

土壤腐殖酸慢热解表征实验影响因素研究

以土壤提取的腐殖酸为研究对象,进行了差式量热扫描(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)的可重复性实验、样品质量对比实验和预处理对比实验。综合分析了影响慢热解特征温度参数的因素和效应,并根据作用原理将其总结为热滞后效应和反应平衡滞后效应。结果表明,高级热分析技术用于土壤慢热解表征可重复性良好,差式量热扫描与热重分析结果可比性强,然而热分析曲线和热特征参数对实验条件的响应灵敏,其中样品质量和升温速率的影响尤其显著。研究结果表明,慢热解技术用于土壤有机质分析具有良好的准确性和重现性,提出了保障土壤腐殖酸慢热解质量控制的最佳样品量[DSC为(10±0.1)mg]、最佳气体氛围(He)和最佳升温速率(10℃/min)、精确压实程度等实验条件。     

飞行时间二次离子质谱法在一次污染过程中PM2.5表面组分分析中的应用

团簇离子源的发明和使用,使飞行时间二次离子质谱（TOF-SIMS）法成为材料表面化学分析越来越重要的手段,TOF-SIMS法的主要测试功能包括表层质谱、化学成像及深度剖析3种。采用TOF-SIMS法对一次污染过程中的大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的表层进行检测,得到了PM_2.5表面成分的质谱及成像信息。结果表明：PM_2.5表层存在多种金属离子,通过扫描电子显微镜能谱仪的形貌与飞行时间二次离子质谱仪的成像亮度分析可知,K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺响应强度相对较强,含量较高;通过原子吸收光谱仪进行金属离子定量可知,2018年11月4日和12月24日的K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺的平均质量分别为1.809 5、0.443 8、1.526 2 mg;从形态分布上看,PM_2.5表面烟尘集合体含量较多,其次为燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒和超细未知颗粒;PM_2.5表层的有机物离子C_xH_y片段也较多,经过m/z的测试数据进一步确定,表明颗粒物表层含有大量的脂肪烃和芳香烃;除此之外,还存在含N、O、S等的有机物和无机物。