万世波危险化学品知识讲座（11）——易溶于水的刺激性气体

甲醛的危害性 燃烧爆炸危险 甲醛是CH2O的汉语名称，又叫蚁醛，是一种重要的有机原料，也是制造炸药、染料、医药的原料，还可作杀菌剂和消毒剂。常温下甲醛是一种无色且具有刺激性和窒息性的气体，易燃，易溶于水，还溶于乙醇等多数有机溶剂。     

Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

青岛市废有机溶剂现状分析与评价

调查分析青岛市废有机溶剂产生现状、污染特性、处置流向及回收利用的概况。结合青岛市产业结构特点,遵循资源化、减量化、无害化处置原则,提出废有机溶剂管理的对策和建议。研究结果对危险废物的有效管理和促进循环经济发展具有指导意义。     

重庆市废有机溶剂产生特性

基于危险废物转移联单的归纳整理以及实地调研分析,研究了重庆市废有机溶剂的产生特性.结果表明,重庆市废有机溶剂产生行业多达11种,废有机溶剂的产生量从2011年的20万t,到2015年增加到了40多万t,,年平均增长率高达29%,2016和2017年的产生量趋于稳定状态..化工行业的产生量占总产生量的99%,其次为电子行业与汽车制造行业.重庆市的废有机溶剂主要处置方式包括精蒸馏回收,危险废物焚烧炉焚烧以及水泥窑协同处置等.结合重庆市产生行业及产生种类,回收方式等特点,对重庆市废有机溶剂的管理提出了分类回收、加大回收率及小量豁免等建议.     

20种水溶性有机溶剂对发光菌的毒性效应

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.Q67)为检测生物,应用VeritasTM微孔板光度计测定了甲醇等20种常见水溶性有机溶剂对Q67的毒性效应.结果表明,乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙醚、四氢呋喃和异丙醇7种有机溶剂具有非单调J型剂量-效应关系,其他13种为典型S型剂量-效应关系.分别采用Biphasic、Logit和Weibull等非线性函数进行曲线模拟,利用模拟函数可有效估算有机溶剂的各个效应浓度Ecx值.不同组成和结构的有机溶剂对淡水发光菌的毒性效应不同,官能团相同的直链溶剂含碳数越多毒性越大.