有毒物质事故泄漏对河流污染的数学模拟

通过对有毒物质事故泄漏行为的数学模拟分析，提出了一种计算有毒物质河流断面超标风险率的方法，并通过实例模拟分析，探讨了在一定条件下，即为确保饮用水质的安全，把超标风险率控制在一定范围内，应采取的措施。     

Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of 110 hybrid rice cultivars grown in a low-Cd paddy soil

Enhanced Cd uptake and Zn depletion in rice grains and high potential for food Cd exposure by the high-yielding hybrid cultivars of China had been addressed. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to determine the di erence in grain Cd and Zn between cultivars. Total 110 cultivars including super rice and common hybrid rice cultivars were grown on a single paddy soil (Entic Haplaquept) with a neutral reaction and low total Cd content. Grain Cd and Zn concentrations were determined with graphite atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) and flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively.Wide variation of Cd content in grain was found in a range of 0.004–0.057 mg/kg, while the Zn content in a range of 10.25–30.06 mg/kg among the cultivars. Higher Cd but lower Zn concentration in grains of super rice cultivars was observed compared to the common hybrid ones. A highly significant positive linear correlation of grain Cd/Zn with grain Cd was found for super rice and common hybrid cultivars, meanwhile much higher slope for these hybrid cultivars than the reported non-hybrid cultivars was also observed. Using the limit value of the Chinese chemical guidelines for foods (MOHC and SSC, 2005), calculated potential risk of food Cd exposure with “Zn hungry” through diet intake was prominent with all the studied 110 hybrid rice cultivars, possessing high potential health problems for rice production in South China using the super rice cultivars. Breeding of genotypes of rice cultivars with low grain Cd and low Cd/Zn ratio is needed for rice production in acidic red soils where Cd bioavailability is prevalently high.     

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful e ects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic e ects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the “critical” organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.     

危险物质流体传输系统的紧急隔离——自动切断阀的应用及其局限性

作为一种保护性设备,自动切断阀的主要作用是防止在运输或储存过程中有害物质因泄漏而失去控制。当流体通过自动切断阀的流速超过正常的预定范围时（如下游发生泄漏或阀门、管件等出现问题）,该阀门就应该关闭,将泄漏控制住,直到发生泄漏的部位被堵住或被隔离。但很多事例表明,由于使用不当,有些自动切断阀并未起到其应有的作用。因此,在预防储罐或管线中的化学物质意外泄漏时,     

我国近海有毒微藻及其毒素的分布危害和风险评估

近年我国海域有害赤潮频发,赤潮优势种的变化显著,最近7a记录了51种引发赤潮的优势赤潮生物,其中由有毒微藻引发的赤潮增加。有毒微藻在我国海域广泛分布,至少3个株产麻痹性贝毒的亚历山大藻,5种能产生腹泻性贝毒软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、以及扇贝毒素的鳍藻在我国沿海都有分布;产生虾夷扇贝毒素的三种甲藻在北黄海常年存在。我国多种贝类中已发现麻痹性贝毒、软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、扇贝毒素、虾夷扇贝毒素和环亚胺毒素等多种微藻毒素。本文较系统的归纳综述了我国有害赤潮、优势种的变化趋势和分布特点,产生的藻毒素结构;我国双壳贝类等海洋生物中存在的微藻毒素的种类结构;首次利用风险商值法研究评估了我国贝类的健康风险。结果表明,只有春季来自福建的2个样品具有食用风险;但大连海区的贝类样品、评估值全都接近安全限值,可能表明具有某种区域性风险;在春末夏初,大窑湾的贻贝风险最大,其次是扇贝,牡蛎的风险最小;不同的贝器官,富集藻毒素的能力差别大,消化腺中的藻毒素含量远高于其它器官,不同的食用方式可能会导致不同的中毒风险。总体上,我国沿海常见种双壳贝类的麻痹性贝毒和虾夷扇贝毒素食用风险低。     

环保部发布车用汽油柴油有害物质控制标准

环境保护部日前发布了国家环境保护标准《车用汽油有害物质控制标准（第四、五阶段）》、《车用柴油有害物质控制标准（第四、五阶段）》,这2项标准将于今年5月1日起实施。标准对国家第四、五阶段排放标准对应的车用汽油、车用柴油品质有了明确的要求。     

混合物质谱的简单分类算法

有毒化合物质谱分类是以光谱数据的数值特性为基础的。这此数据的计算机分类提供了各种参数,用以确定属于有毒化合物中某一类的对应化合物。质谱数据的简单分类算法常被用于自相关变换质谱的主分量建模。主分量的有效值为相互确认为确定。对环境空气中１１９种被监测的有毒化合物,有色谱－质谱联用的试验和校正数据所得到的４类预报正确率为７６．５％。     

加强我国化学品危险性管理的基础工作

在现代社会生活中,化学品已成为必不可少的物质。这给我们的生活带来了极大的方便,但也形成了新的全球性的公害问题。 为了控制或减轻化学品对人体健康和环境的危害,我们必须增强控制化学品公害的能力。但是能力的培养是长期的,多方面的,尤其是发展中国家,     

有毒难降解有机物废水处理的生物强化技术

随着现代化工合成技术的发展,有毒有害化合物剧增,工业废水或城市污水中常有或多或少这些化合物,应用常规生物处理工艺已不能有效地予以处理,主要是因为：原有工艺不能有效维持连续的驯化培养物;废水中含有不稳定的组分,冲击负荷大;有毒有机物在系统中降解速率缓慢。为此,国外研究者提出生物强化（Ｂｉｏａｕｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ）技术提高现有处理工艺对有毒有机物的生物降解效率。目前实施生物强化技术可通过如下三条途径：①投加有效降解的微生物;②优化现有处理系统的营养供给、添加基质（底物）类似物来刺激微生物生长或提高…