典型地铁站的污染物扩散全尺寸试验研究

为全面了解地铁站内有毒有害气体的扩散发展规律,选取北京某地铁站开展了全尺寸实地扩散试验.利用三维超声波风速仪和多通道风速仪对机械通风工况下的站内流场进行监测,并对其气流组织形式进行分析;采用六氟化硫（SF₆）释放、时序采集和离线检测的方法,研究重气的传输速度和扩散范围等扩散与沉降规律,以期为地铁站内人员疏散路径规划提供数据支撑.结果表明：该地铁站在机械通风工况下,会形成一个较为规律的主流场,将其划分为相对独立的东、西两个区域,污染气体SF₆只能在释放源所处的气流顺向区域内流动,反向区域多个监测点SF₆均未检出;重气在扩散时会出现明显的沉降现象,SF₆浓度由2.5 m处的25 ppm分别升高至1.6 m处的180 ppm和0.5 m处的300ppm,且易于在楼梯、边缘等位置的地面积累从而形成局部高浓度区域,浓度可高达300 ppm以上;少量气体可以通过楼梯进入上层站厅,但浓度总体低于75 ppm,难以进一步由出入口扩散至站外地面;应急处置时,需要尽快将乘客向上层或气流反向区域疏散.     

有毒食品何以泛滥

“毒粉丝”、“毒泡菜”余波末平,“毒瓜子”又被曝光。据5月30日央视《每周质量报告》披露,安徽蚌埠少数不法商贩用明矾、滑石粉、工业盐和工业石蜡为瓜子“美容”,这些香喷喷的“毒瓜子”大量直销江苏、上海一带。经质量检测,明矾炒制的瓜子铝含量大量超标,人体摄入过量会造成肾功能衰竭、尿毒症和帕金森症。而工业石蜡含有两种非常强烈的致癌物,绝对不允许用于食品加工。     

美国化学物质数据报告制度的经验和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)中现有化学物质数据报告(CDR)制度的历史背景。介绍了CDR制度的基本内容、数据质量保证、主要修订情况,以及2012年CDR上报的化学物质数据信息汇总分析情况。针对2016年开展的新一轮CDR数据报告,总结了其最新的变化和具体要求。从建立化学物质信息收集制度、对现有化学物质进行分级管理、重点关注化学物质用途划分和归类,以及建立数据库和信息系统等4个方面,探讨了CDR制度对我国化学品环境管理的启示。     

国外关于稳定化／固化的有害有害污染物的渗漏实验方法的研？…

以水泥为基质的稳定化／固化（Ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ／ｓｏｌｉｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ）的方法在国外广泛用于无机、有机、有毒有害防污染物的最终处置,已经有数十年的历史。论文较全面地介绍了拟合被这种稳定化／固化过程处理过的污染物在自然界条件下短期和长期的污染物泄漏过程,即所为短期、长期的渗漏行为的实验方法和数学模型,并总结现有的几种用来模拟短期和长期渗漏行为的渗漏实验方法和适用于这些实验方法的数学预测     

建立防尘防毒安全生产标准体系表

标准现状建国以来,党和政府重视对生产中粉尘和有毒物质危害的防治工作,为保障职工的安全和健康,先后颁布了有关的规定和条例。各地区、各部门也做了许多工作,并取得了一定的成绩,但是,尘毒危害仍然十分严重。全国有不少企业大部分作业场所的粉尘和有毒物质的含量都高于国家规定的卫生标准,极大地危害了职工的身体健康。粉     

A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses

A large quantity of toxic chemical pollutants possibly remains in reclaimed water due to the limited removal efficiency in traditional reclamation processes. It is not enough to guarantee the safety of reclaimed water using conventional water quality criteria. An integrated assessment method based on toxicity test is necessary to vividly depict the safety of reclaimed water for reuse. A toxicity test battery consisting of lethality, genotoxicity and endocrine disrupting effect was designed to screen the multiple biological effects of residual toxic chemicals in reclaimed water. The toxicity results of reclaimed water were converted into the equivalent concentrations of the corresponding positive reference substances（EQC）. Simultaneously, the predicted no-effect concentration（PNEC） of each positive reference substance was obtained by analyzing the species sensitivity distribution（SSD） of toxicity data. An index ＂toxicity score＂ was proposed and valued as 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the ratio of the corresponding EQC to PNEC. For vividly ranking the safety of reclaimed water, an integrated assessment index ＂toxicity rank＂ was proposed, which was classified into A, B, C, or D rank with A being the safest. The proposed method was proved to be effective in evaluating reclaimed water samples in case studies.     

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate nonconditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT (73.9 ng/g), HCH (654 ng/g) and PAHs (1225 ng/g) were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12–30.06), stomach cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26– 13.41), dermatitis (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05–2.80), gastroenteritis (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94–2.68), and pneumonia (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58–1.89).     

碳纳米管辅助电子辐照处理有机废水的装置

该发明涉及一种碳纳米管辅助电子辐照处理有机废水的装置。该装置主要包括电子加速器、废水反应器和鼓风系统，其特征在于多个废水反应器内各设置有两个固定曝气头，曝气头通过管道与鼓风系统相连接；鼓风系统由一小型鼓风机、总管、分支管及阀门组成；在废水反应器上方设置有产生电子束辐照的电子束加速器；在废水反应器中加有起催化作用的碳纳米管；废水反应器中的有机废水在电子加速器产生的电子束辐照下同时受到来自鼓风系统和曝气头的均匀鼓风曝气。该装置结构简单，操作方便，具有高效、低耗处理高浓度难降解有毒有机废水的特点。     

Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters： A review

The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation （SCWO）, exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the concepts of SCWO, result and present perspectives of application, and industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.     

如何识别一次性餐具优劣

日前,国际食品包装协会对我国一次性塑料餐饮具、一次性纸质餐饮具等进行抽查,抽检合格率为64.5%。现实生活中一次性餐具我们无处不见,我们如何慧眼识别一次性餐具的优劣呢?塑料餐盒岂能以假乱真劣质的一次性塑料餐盒由于价格低廉,几分钱就能买到一个,因此受到一些小饭店的欢迎。例如在劣质餐盒的制作中,一般都加入了大量工业级碳酸钙、滑石粉、石蜡等有毒有害材料,对使用者的健康构成直接威胁。