PM2.5背后究竟还藏有多少秘密?——本刊记者专访南北极科考专家、中国科技大学教授谢周清

谢周清,中国科技大学地球和空间科学学院教授、博士生导师、国家杰出青年基金获得者、环境科学学科点负责人、极地环境研究室主任、国际南极科学委员会(SCAR)物质科学常设工作组中国代表、中国第四纪科学研究会理事     

重庆大气污染对儿童肺功能影响初探

１９９４年１月～１９９６年１月，在重庆市观音桥华新小学和北碚红岩机器厂子弟校进行了２年９次共３４０６人次的肺功能测定，同时，进行大气污染（ＰＭ１０，ＰＭ２．５，ＴＳＰ，ＮＯｘ）测定，２年结果表明，身高与肺功能关系较年龄与体重更为密切，其线性模型（包括Ｈ，Ｗ，Ａ）相对清洁区的Ｒ＾２４值为０．５１～０．７３，均较污染区０．３８～０．７０为高，平均身高的ＦＶＣ，污染点较清洁点平均低８％左右，而ＦＥＶ１要     

杭州地区大气气溶胶中重金属含量特征研究

对2004年8月～2005年5月间在杭州城区采集的大气气溶胶样品进行了7种重金属元素组成、形态等方面的分析测定;总结了大气气溶胶中各金属元素浓度的季节变化、形态分配比例和影响因素。研究结果表明：杭州市大气气溶胶浓度较高,平均值0.264 mg/m^3。气溶胶质量浓度呈明显的季节变化;气溶胶中各重金属元素的含量水平由高到低依次为：Fe、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd;杭州市大气气溶胶中各重金属元素含量的季节变化在人为源和天然源以及气候条件等综合作用下具有一定的规律性,总体而言,春秋季高于夏冬季;各元素的形态分配比例跟它们本身的环境地球化学性质密切相关,同时也会受到气象和人为因素的影响。     

基于MODIS数据反演江浙皖地区气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶是气候变化和大气污染的重要影响因素。人们发现卫星遥感为大面积获取气溶胶光学厚度提供了手段,同时卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度弥补了地面观测空间覆盖不足的缺陷。文章首先介绍了使用暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度的算法和计算流程,利用传统的暗像元法和改进的暗像元法(即V5.2算法)反演江浙皖地区(29～33°N;116～120°E)气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布,并对两种算法所得结果进行比较与分析。结果表明:暗像元法基本可以反映出该区域气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布特点,尤其是在浓密植被区卫星反演得到的结果与(AERONET)太阳光度计的观测值基本相近。但是在城市地区,该算法得到的结果与观测值存在一定的偏差,有待于进一步改善。     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

三维粒子电极催化氧化活性艳红X-3B实验研究

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了Cu/γ-Al2O3、Cu-Co/γ-Al2O3粒子电极,TiO2/Ti为阳极、石墨为阴极,采用三维电极降解染料模拟废水活性艳红X-3B溶液,考察了粒子电极、槽电压、pH值、电解质浓度等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:该反应器能够有效的降解X-3B,粒子电极显示了较高的催化活性,双组分粒子电极Cu-Co/γ-Al2O3比单组分粒子电极Cu/γ-Al2O3有着更好的催化效果,降解机制主要是电致·OH的间接氧化和粒子电极表面的直接氧化的协同作用。     

对大气气溶胶降尘与降雨相关性分析的探讨

为了了解大气气溶胶降尘与降水的关系,本文通过对例行监测数据进行统计整理,并进行相关性检验分析,得出大气气溶胶降尘与降水pH值具有一定的相关性,且呈正相关,降水pH值与降雨量、降尘与降雨量之间则无相关性。     

珠江口及南海近海海域大气多环芳烃分布特征

分冬、春两次航次分别采集了珠江口及南海近海海域大气气溶胶样品和气相样品,同时以广州和中山作为陆基对照点,对16种EPA优控多环芳烃进行了分析.结果表明,大气PAHs主要以气态化合物为主,总PAHs(气态+颗粒态)的含量范围为49.6～256.6 ng/m3,平均120.7 ng/m3.珠江口海域大气颗粒态多环芳烃季节变化显著,冬、春航次大气颗粒态多环芳烃的含量分别为6.7～18.0 ng/m3和0.4～5.1 ng/m3,冬季航次期间大气颗粒态PAHs含量的高值主要源于大陆气流对城市群大气PAHs污染的输送,另外干冷的季节亦有利于PAHs向颗粒态的富集.与此相反,气态多环芳烃含量的季节差异不明显.在冬季,随东北季风携带的城市粉尘可以将大气中的气态PAHs捕获,而春季航次的大气PAHs主要来源于西太平洋地区的远程输送和PAHs的海-气交换作用.认为受控于季风活动的水、热因子组合特征,是影响珠江口海域大气PAHs含量与分布的主导因素.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...