Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two di erent analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 105–1 106 molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant di erence between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.     

Catalytic oxidation of gas-phase elemental mercury by nano-Fe2O3

Heterogeneous oxidation of gas-phase Hg0 by nano-Fe2O3 was investigated on a fixed bed reactor, and the e ects of oxygen concentration, bed temperature, water vapour concentration and particle size have been discussed. The results showed that Hg0 could be oxidized by active oxygen atom on the surface of nano-Fe2O3 as well as lattice oxygen in nano-Fe2O3. Among the factors that a ect Hg0 oxidation by nano-Fe2O3, bed temperature plays an important role. More than 40% of total mercury was oxidized at 300°C, however, the test temperature at 400°C could cause sintering of nano-catalyst, which led to a lower e ciency of Hg0 oxidation. The increase of oxygen concentration could promote mercury oxidation and led to higher Hg0 oxidation e ciency. No obvious mercury oxidation was detected in the pure N2 atmosphere, which indicates that oxygen is required in the gas stream for mercury oxidation. The presence of water vapour showed di erent e ects on mercury oxidation depending on its concentration. The lower content of water vapour could promote mercury oxidation, while the higher content of water vapour inhibits mercury oxidation.     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

可可西里地区BDQ钻孔岩心粒度特征、TOC及其古气候环境意义

BDQ0608钻孔位于可可西里地区东缘,受人类活动影响较小,较为完整的记录了湖泊的自然演化过程,文章通过对岩心粒度、古地磁及总有机碳含量的详细计算与分析,重建了过去8758Ka以来的古气候及古环境演化过程。BDQ0608钻孔岩心的黏土含量主要分布在15—60％之间,粉砂含量主要分布在30-70％之间,砂含量主要分布在0—20％之间。粒度参数采用矩值法计算求得,标准偏差为0．87—2．69,偏度为-1．2-4．4,峰度为0．92—16．43。粒度频率分布曲线存在1、4-10、30—80μm以及200μm左右的众数粒径。其中以4-10以及30-80μm的众数粒径为主体的沉积物,分别指示了深水湖心相和半深水（或较浅水）过渡相两种沉积环境,200μm左右的众数粒径为主体的沉积物则指示了极浅水的滨湖相沉积环境。结合TOC指标对沉积物沉积特征进行分析,我们认为该区域经历了四次较大的气候环境变化过程：875．8kaBP-608．7kaBP,湖泊水位高低变化较大,TOC变化明显．表现为暖湿与冷干交替的气候变化特征;608．7kaBP-366．5kaBP,湖泊长时间处于较为稳定的沉积环境,TOC逐渐降低,表现为由暖湿向冷湿转变的气候变化特征;366．5kaBP-29．2kaBP,表现为暖湿与冷干相交替的变化的气候特征;29．2kaBP-0kaBP,湖泊水位极低,表现为极其干冷的气候变化特征．     

土壤中矿物油含量测定方法的研究

重点介绍了以四氯化碳为萃取剂,利用超声波清洗仪萃取土壤中的油类物质,红外分光光度法测定土壤中的矿物油含量的方法。实验表明此方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0．9999。方法检出限为0．50mg／kg。平行样品间分析、试剂空白加标与基体加标回收率均能满足样品分析对精密度和准确度的要求。     

水源地周边土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险-以深圳市为例

以深圳市水源地周边三种不同类型土壤(赤红壤､红壤､水稻田土)为研究对象,选择具有较高环境含量且毒性较强的Zn､Pb､As为目标,探究其在三种土壤剖面淋溶层､淀积层和母质层(A、B和C层)中的分布特征及赋存形态,同时分析重金属含量､赋存形态与土壤理化性质的相关性,并利用潜在生态危害指数法和潜在迁移指数法从重金属全量和赋存形态两个角度对土壤重金属的生态风险水平进行评估.结果表明:土壤重金属Zn､Pb､As在三类土壤各层中含量较高,但均低于当地土壤环境质量背景值,重金属含量受当地土壤成岩母质影响较大.形态分析表明三种重金属在三类土壤中均以残渣态为主,但红壤中可还原态Pb含量较高,在低pH时易转化为弱酸可溶态,而后释放并迁移.相关性分析表明Zn､Pb的全量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关,可还原态Zn与pH呈显著正相关,Pb和As的弱酸可溶态与可还原态显著正相关,黏粒和粉粒含量对Pb和As的形态分布造成不同程度的影响.三种重金属潜在生态危害级别均为轻微,对水源地安全潜在生态风险影响较小;重金属迁移能力大小在不同土类中依次为红壤土>赤红壤>水稻田土,元素本身迁移能力强弱依次为Zn>As>Pb;赤红壤和水稻田土A层Zn迁移能力最强,B层As最强,C层Zn､Pb､As均较弱;红壤中A层迁移能力Zn最强,B层Zn､Pb､As均较强,C层Zn､Pb､As均较弱.     

地质构造单元交接带表土中重金属污染特征对比及源解析:以重庆城口地区为例

中国地质构造复杂,不同地质构造区地质演化史差异显著,对其上发育的土壤重金属含量分布、污染特征及来源亦具有影响.以秦岭地槽和上扬子地台交界区重庆市城口县为研究区,采集表层土壤样品115件,综合运用地累积指数、污染指数和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）分析不同地质构造单元区表土重金属含量分布、污染特征和来源.结果表明：①整体上,该区表土重金属处于中度污染水平,其中Cd为主要污染元素;②表土中Cd超标点位主要分布在乌坪断裂以北地区;③发育于秦岭地槽区埃迪卡拉纪-早寒武世地层之上的土壤中重金属含量显著高于上扬子地台区相同时代地层之上的土壤;④研究区表土重金属来源主要为成土母岩风化及交通和燃煤活动,其中成土母岩风化的贡献率为75%,是控制研究区表土重金属含量分布和污染的主要因素.这为研究不同地质构造区土壤重金属含量分布、富集和来源提供了范例和科学依据.     

北京城区气传花粉季节特征及与气象条件关系

研究北京城区气传花粉季节特征及其与气象条件关系,为本地区防治花粉症及建设合理城市绿地提供有效资料.研究应用Burkard采样器于2011年12月31日至2012年12月31日对北京城区气传花粉含量进行监测,并对花粉含量及气象因素进行统计学分析.结果表明,2012年北京城区的花粉季节起始时间为3月17日~11月10日,持续238 d,占全年天数的65%;全年花粉含量月分布呈现两个高峰,第一个高峰为3~5月,主要花粉为木犀科、杨属、柳属等树木花粉,占全年花粉总量的53%;第二个高峰为8~10月,主要花粉为菊科、藜科及苋科等莠草花粉,占全年花粉总量的26%;2012年度北京城区最具代表性的气传花粉来自于菊科、木犀科及杨柳科,比重之和为40%.结果还表明,秋季气传花粉以致敏性较强的莠草花粉为主,所以北京花粉症的高发季节主要集中在秋季.北京城区气传花粉含量受气象因素影响较明显,影响最明显的是风速、温度、湿度及降水等气象要素.研究表明,在0~15℃的温度区间内,花粉含量随温度的升高而升高;当温度大于15℃,即在18~30℃的范围内时,花粉含量随温度的升高而降低.北京城区2012年春秋季的平均温度为17℃,且这两个季节的花粉量占全年的79%,因此春秋季的温度是北京最适宜花粉的散播;根据研究数据分析,当相对湿度在20%~50%或大于70%的时候,气传花粉含量随相对湿度的增大而减小,而相对湿度在50%~60%时,气传花粉含量随相对湿度的增大而增加;研究还表明风速在1~3 m·s-1时,易于花粉粒飘散,气传花粉含量较大,但风速超过3 m·s-1时或持续时间较长时,空气中花粉含量值反而较小;雨水会影响花粉的产量和释放,易致空中飘散花粉粒减少.通过研究已经探明了北京城区气传花粉的种类及飘散规律,以及花粉含量和气象条件之间的关系,为进行气传花粉预报提供了参考.     

乙酸改性苎麻对溢油的吸附性能研究

利用乙酸对苎麻纤维进行改性,获得吸附剂。考察不同改性温度、改性时间获得的改性苎麻纤维对原油的吸附性能,并对改性前后苎麻纤维的保油性能和吸水能力进行研究,同时通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电镜对改性前后苎麻纤维的结构进行表征。结果表明:改性后苎麻纤维变得疏松多孔,与改性前苎麻纤维相比其羟基、甲基、羰基峰值明显减弱,有利于提高苎麻纤维的疏水亲油性;改性后苎麻纤维的吸油能力和保油能力分别为改性前的1.86倍、1.12倍,改性前苎麻纤维的吸水能力为5.908 1g/g,改性后降为0.923 8g/g,因此改性后的苎麻纤维作为油类吸附剂,能够为有效地处理溢油事故提供可能,从而减少资源浪费和其对海洋造成的污染。     

生活垃圾焚烧厂垃圾的汞含量与汞排放特征研究

垃圾焚烧是大气汞的重要排放源之一,为了解垃圾焚烧厂入炉垃圾中的汞含量和焚烧汞排放特征,本研究选取了上海、广州和芜湖市3座典型生活垃圾焚烧厂,对入炉垃圾进行连续采样分析,采用OH法对排放烟气进行采样测试,同时采集焚烧飞灰和炉渣样品进行汞含量分析.结果表明,上海、广州、芜湖市生活垃圾焚烧厂入炉垃圾中汞含量分别为(0.39±0.04)、(0.57±0.05)、(0.27±0.08)mg·kg~(-1).广州市焚烧厂排放烟气汞质量浓度为(9.5±3.9)μg·m~(-3),烟气中Hgp、Hg~(2+)、Hg~0分布比例分别为(0.9±0.8)%、(89.0±5.4)%、(10.1±4.6)%;芜湖市焚烧厂排放烟气汞质量浓度为(24.1±6.0)μg·m~(-3),烟气中Hgp、Hg~(2+)、Hg~0分布比例分别为(1.0±0.8)%、(65.4±27.6)%、(33.6±27.5)%;不同焚烧工艺排放烟气中Hg~(2+)的分布比例不同.广州、芜湖市焚烧厂脱汞效率分别为96.7%、33.7%;上海、广州、芜湖市垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子分别为(0.156±0.016)、(0.019±0.002)、(0.178±0.027)mg·kg~(-1),广州市焚烧厂大气汞排放因子略低于韩国、日本的生活垃圾焚烧厂,上海、芜湖市垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子与国内部分生活垃圾焚烧厂相接近.