“热水解-高温厌氧消化”工艺处理高含固率剩余污泥的中试研究

采取热水解(70℃)-高温厌氧消化工艺处理高固含率(8%~9%)的剩余污泥(中试).该工艺利用SRT为3 d的热水解促进细胞溶解以及高温厌氧消化加快污泥消化速率,有机物去除能力较强,并获得了较好的污泥稳定化效果.当厌氧消化的SRT在20 d以上时,总VSS去除率达到42.22%以上,且VSS去除率与厌氧消化的SRT呈线性正相关,相关系数达到0.915 3.在实际应用中,推荐高温厌氧消化的SRT为25 d.当停留时间接近时,本工艺与运行良好的传统污泥厌氧消化工程(含固率3%~5%)以及采用德国技术的高固消化工程的有机物去除率和甲烷产率相当.     

混菌接种条件下微生物燃料电池芯片的产电特性研究

微生物燃料电池(MFC)芯片因具有体积小、运行条件温和、产电稳定等优点而有可能成为一种新型的野外水环境监测系统中传感器供能方式.但目前采用纯菌种及贵重金属阳极构建的MFC芯片,不仅成本较高且纯菌种在复杂环境条件下不易存活和保持稳定.因此,本文通过采用混合菌群接种,以活性炭为阳极,构建了阳极体积为50μL的MFC芯片,发现其稳定运行最大输出电流为3.5μA,平均运行周期为8.0 h,最大输出功率约为160 nW,最大功率密度为10.2 mW·m-2.EIS分析结果表明,MFC芯片的总内阻约为35.6 kΩ,其中,阴阳极内阻占主要部分.本研究制备的MFC芯片产电性能达到了同类采用纯菌株及Au作阳极的MFC芯片的性能,表明采用低成本材料为阳极,接种混合菌液的MFC芯片是完全可行的.     

污泥深度机械脱水的优化研究

降低污泥含水率是污泥处置的关键点。论文自制了高压恒压污泥过滤脱水装置,在2 MPa压力条件下10 min可快速将污泥含水率降低至75.30%;添加3%氯化铁化学调理后,可进一步降低至63.38%。添加氯化铝调理也可降至71.98%;生物质添加剂也有较好的效果,污泥分别与木屑和秸秆按质量比2∶1调理后,压滤后污泥的含水率分别为60.22%和63.75%,木屑的效果优于秸秆;生物质还具有极强的吸水性,生物质与污泥混合泥饼压滤后表观含水率仅分别为43.83%与45.90%;此外,生物质调理后有助于提升污泥热值,可用于制备生物质污泥燃料。化学调理与生物质调理具有协同作用,优化后的污泥实际含水率及泥饼表观含水率低至55.23%与39.16%,污泥减量效果相当明显。     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.     

干法厌氧消化在有机垃圾处理中的应用

目前生活垃圾中含有大量可利用的有机垃圾,其在厌氧条件下可消化产生沼气,有机垃圾直接填埋会造成可再生能源的浪费.提出了干法厌氧消化工艺,干法压氧消化器越来越多用于可再生能源作物材料产出沼气上.同时分析了各种控制参数对于法消化运行的影响及干法消化适用的领域.     

曝气生物流化床处理含酚废水研究

针对石化行业含酚废水总量大,毒性大,难处理的问题,采用曝气生物流化床工艺对其进行处理。结果表明:在水力停留时间为8 h时,曝气生物流化床对COD的去除率可达97.2%,对总酚的去除率可达99.6%以上。通过影响因素研究,工艺最佳pH范围为7⁸,最佳温度范围为268,最佳温度范围为26³0℃,最佳溶解氧范围为2.530℃,最佳溶解氧范围为2.5³ mg/L,对填料表面及内部的微生物相进行电镜分析发现填料表面生物相以丝状菌占优,填料内部生物量由表及里逐渐减少,丝状菌大量减少,微生物相以杆菌和球菌为主。     

五岛群汊河道污染物输移混合特性的试验研究

污染物在有多个分汊岛的群汊河道中的输运混合特性目前尚不清楚,建立存在5个分汊岛的群汊河道物理模型试验系统,通过试验研究了恒定点源排放下群汊河道中污染物扩散特性和汊道污染物混合机理,试验结果表明:来流流量的增加,使得污染物浓度整体下降,污染物混合均匀程度降低;污染物排污位置的改变,对污染物浓度的分布影响显著;支汊中,污染物沿程输运是一个逐渐混合均匀的过程,但是突扩型支汊例外,其混合均匀性有降低的现象。研究为掌握污染物在群汊河道中的输移混合特性提供了科学依据。     

厌氧消化系统中污泥重金属形态转化及去除方法研究进展

本文通过分析污泥中重金属的含量及存在形态,探讨了厌氧消化过程中重金属的形态转化极其去除方法。结果表明生物稳定法和药剂稳定法是目前最有效的方法。不但可降低污泥中重金属的生物有效性,而且不影响污泥农用化。     

火电厂烟气脱硝技术探析

介绍了烟气脱硝技术中的选择性催化还原技术SCR、选择性非催化还原技术SNCR以及混合型SNCR-SCR三种工艺。在比较三种工艺的基础上得出前两者工艺的优势和不足以及当前火电厂使用SNCR-SCR混合型烟气脱硝技术较多的原因所在。