土壤重金属钝化修复剂生物炭对镉的吸附特性研究

目前以生物炭为代表的生物质对重金属的吸附表现出良好的应用前景.为确定生物炭对溶液中镉的吸附性能,选用由棉花秸秆制备的生物炭,研究吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及温度、pH和离子强度等对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响.研究表明,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附可以用Freundlich等温线较好地拟合,在不同温度下其饱和吸附量分别为9.738 mg.g-1(288.15 K)、10.14 mg.g-1(298.15 K)、10.40 mg.g-1(308.15 K)和10.71 mg.g-1(318.15 K),热力学参数表明生物炭吸附Cd2+的过程是自发的吸热过程;吸附动力学过程符合二级动力学模型,在40 min即可达到平衡;pH对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响较大,在pH2～8范围时,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随pH的增加先上升后下降;生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随着溶液离子强度的增大呈降低趋势.该项研究可为生物炭在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

温度与pH对生物合成施氏矿物在酸性环境中溶解行为及对Cu2+吸附效果的影响

探析施氏矿物在不同温度、pH下的溶解行为,对其在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)重金属去除领域的应用具有重要的工程指导意义.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在0.16mol·L-1FeSO4·7H2O,初始pH为2.5的酸性体系中,采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans催化合成施氏矿物.考察了15℃与30℃,pH为2.0$6.0环境条件下矿物的溶解行为,及生物合成施氏矿物对酸性体系Cu2+的吸附去除效果.研究结果表明,经过24h反应,施氏矿物合成体系pH从原始2.50降低至2.18,体系Fe2+氧化完全,27.3%的铁离子参与矿物的合成,矿物分子式可表示为Fe8O8(OH)4.22(SO4)1.89.生物合成施氏矿物在温度为15℃,pH分别为3.2、3.0、2.8、2.6、2.4、2.2与2.0液态体系中振荡72h,矿物溶解率分别为1.92%、3.34%、5.90%、13.09%、28.74%、44.53%与61.46%.在温度为30℃的上述酸度体系中,矿物溶解率在相应时间却达到2.04%、3.98%、8.34%、20.53%、43.50%、96.74%与99.92%.在pH≥3.5的不同温度液态体系中该矿物无溶解迹象.在15℃,pH为6.0、5.0、4.5、4.0与3.5,Cu2+浓度为40mg·g-1的液态体系中,生物合成施氏矿物对Cu2+的吸附量为(50.9±2.2)、(47.3±13.3)、(40.5±4.7)、(31.1±5.0)及(16.9±6.5)mg·g-1.体系酸度一定,施氏矿物在15℃与30℃条件下对Cu2+的吸附效果无显著差异.本研究结果对生物合成施氏矿物在ACMD重金属去除工程应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

温度对生物强化除磷工艺反硝化除磷效果的影响

以处理城市污水的中试规模生物强化除磷A2/O活性污泥工艺系统为研究对象,考察了温度对系统COD去除和脱氮除磷效果的影响,特别是温度对活性污泥反硝化除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当温度从(30.9±0.8)℃降低到(9.1±0.6)℃时,A2/O系统的脱氮除磷效果显著下降,系统对TN和TP的污泥去除负荷明显下降.通过污泥反硝化除磷活性实验发现,随着温度的降低,系统中活性污泥的最大厌氧释磷速率、最大好氧吸磷速率和最大缺氧吸磷速率都降低.活性污泥中反硝化除磷菌(DPB)占聚磷菌(PAOs)总量的比例随温度降低稍有下降,但平均值仍维持在47.5％左右.用阿伦尼乌斯公式对实验结果进行拟合,得到系统中活性污泥聚磷菌厌氧释磷反应活化能Ea1为148.0 kJ· mol-1,聚磷菌好氧吸磷反应活化能Ea2为228.8 kJ·mol-1,发生在缺氧条件下反硝化除磷菌的吸磷反应活化能Ea3为315.8 kJ·mol-1.对不同温度下污泥絮体粒径分析结果表明,随温度降低,粒径分布更加集中,系统中活性污泥絮体颗粒平均粒径减小,不利于污泥絮体内部反硝化除磷缺氧微环境的形成.     

复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1的絮凝作用机理研究

采取PAC+絮凝剂的复配方式开展高岭土悬浊液烧杯实验,考察了复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1、CBF-1溶解物及微生物絮凝剂MBF8的絮凝特性,并借助iPDA仪分析和扫描电镜、光学显微镜观察等手段,比较分析了絮凝过程及絮体特性的差异.结果表明,各复配絮凝的浊度去除效果排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,CBF-1投加量1 mg·L-1时,浊度去除率可达到97.5％;絮体强度排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,絮体恢复因子排序为MBF8＞CBF-1溶解物＞CBF-1,絮体大小排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8.单独投加PAC或投加PAC+MBF8的情况下,形成的絮体形态相对规整、密实;投加PAC+ CBF-1溶解物或投加PAC+ CBF-1形成的絮体则相对无序、疏松,CBF-1作用下絮体大、沉降快.CBF-1中高电荷MBF8组分及大分子羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基多聚糖等组分具有强的电荷中和与桥联协同增效作用;CBF-1还含有纤维素、木质素等大分子量且带多种官能团的不溶性组分,在桥联和吸附过程中也起着重要作用.     

太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾春夏两季沉积物扰动下BAPP的转化规律

采用室内模拟试验研究了沉积物扰动下上覆水中可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)的变化规律,并分析了BAPP与悬浮物中内源磷间的内在联系.试验用沉积物分别于春季和夏季采自太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾.结果表明,沉积物扰动降低了上覆水中生物有效磷(BAP)含量,降至初始状态的40%左右.BAPP也明显降低,其占BAP的百分比稳定在50%左右,梅梁湾春季除外.扰动状态下颗粒态磷(PP)生物有效性显著降低,第12h时,BAPP占PP的百分比仅为10%左右;这与悬浮物中NH₄Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的降低明显相关,但其与 (AAP+NH₄Cl-P)占Tot-P的百分比相关性更好[r=0.565(n=48)].这暗示,沉积物扰动可能延缓了水体富营养化发展进程.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对铜镉的吸附特性与离子交换

研究了投菌量、金属浓度和戊二醛浓度对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌吸附水体中Cu2+和Cd2+特性的影响,分析了重金属生物吸附、NO3-去除与菌体离子释放的关联,从离子吸附、交换、转化与释放的角度探讨了重金属生物吸附机制.结果表明嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对Cu2+和Cd2+吸附性能良好,0.2 g·L-1干重菌体处理浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1的Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液120 min后,Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附率分别达96.3%和83.9%.菌体对Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液的吸附过程存在Cu2+和Cd2+的表面吸附与胞内运输、NO3-胞内积累、NO3-还原为NO2-等行为,而且Cu2+和Cd2+的胞内运输、NO3-积累和还原需要消耗能量,并会促进Cl-、PO43-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+和Ca2+等离子的释放.红外光谱分析表明菌体酰胺基、羟基与羧基均参与了Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附.X-光电子能谱分析显示吸附后Cu2+和Cd2+的价态不发生变化.     

不同材质对催化裂化装置催化剂粉尘粘附性能的试验研究

在三座DN150 mmX1600 mm有机玻璃塔试验装置上,考察了DN15的塑料拉西环、陶瓷拉西环和不锈钢拉西环三种材质填料对催化剂的粘附能力。在催化剂浓度5‰,液相负荷40 L/h,气相负荷80 m3/h的条件下,经过408h的连续运转,结果表明不同材质填料对催化剂的粘附能力均存在饱和状态,粘附在填料上的催化剂不随时间的持续增加而增多。其中,塑料填料对催化剂的粘附能力最强,增重0.125kg;不锈钢填料次之,增重为0.115kg;陶瓷填料最弱,增重为0.055kg。可为相关领域的工业应用提供借鉴和数据支撑。     

复合膜生物反应器处理环氧氯丙烷废水

实验利用复合膜生物反应器处理以甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷产生的废水,考察了不同进水COD、水力停留时间以及盐度对处理能力的影响,并进行盐度冲击实验。生物处理后出水进行了深度处理的研究。结果表明:进水COD对处理能力影响较小;适当延长水力停留时间能优化出水水质;废水盐度高于22g/L时会对微生物产生抑制作用;深度处理能进一步降低出水COD;微生物通过一定时间的驯化期能适应并处理高盐度废水。     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,