2种反应器中好氧颗粒污泥培养的比较研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,分别在气提式序批反应器(SBAR)和序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中成功地培养出了成熟的好氧颗粒污泥.SBAR和SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥都具有稳定的基本形态结构,其微生物主要由杆菌和球菌组成,对COD的去除率可达到93%左右.对NH+4-N的去除率可达到98%以上.SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、污泥体积指数(SVI)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.45～2.00 mm、19.97 mL/g、47.68 g/(kg·h)、82%和65%;而SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、SVI、SOUR、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.18～1.00 mm、29.12 mL/g、43.21 g/(kg·h)、58%和50%.相对而言,SBAR更有利于好氧颗粒污泥的培养和运行.     

双水相气浮浮选光度法处理环境水样中痕量土霉素残留物

建立了一种新型分离方法--双水相气浮浮选光度法,使其处理环境水样中痕量土霉紊(OTC)残留物,研究了其工作原理,并用高效液相色谱法对该方法的可靠性进行了验证.利用自制的双水相气浮浮选装置,选择四氢呋喃作亲水有机溶剂、质量分数为10%的NaCl溶液作分相剂,NaOH溶液调节pH,将Cu2+与OTC形成的疏水配合物浮选至有机相,实现OTC与水样分离.浮选完毕后,经紫外-可见分光光度法分析,线性回归方程为A=1.532×105c+0.1230(其中:A为有机相的吸光度;c为水样的OTC摩尔浓度,mol/L),相关系数为0.9998,该方法的线性范围为4.8×10-7～7.3×10-5 mol/L,OTC加标回收率为99.5%～100.1%.     

我国经济发展的生态效率及其改进策略

本文考察了我国历年生态效率状况,应用两种预测方法探讨了至2020年我国经济发展的生态效率预期目标,并从宏观角度提出了系统性的改进策略。研究表明,1997～2005年,我国水资源生产率、工业用水资源生产率、能源生产率、COD排放生产率、SO2排放生产率的年平均增长率分别为8．77％、7．19％、2．56％、11．94％、7．35％。根据“十一五”规划,至2010年,我国拟采用的水资源生产率倍数、工业用水资源生产率倍数、能源生产率倍数、COD排放生产率倍数、SO2排放生产率倍数分别为1．924、2．081、1．223、2．570、1．969,与根据我国历年变化趋势所预测的相应值基本持平,有的甚至还相对低一些;按“十一五”规划期生态效率增长趋势所推测的2020年上述值分别为3．006、4．247、1．912、6．540、5．009,根据我国历年变化趋势所预测的相应值分别为5．37、4．01、1．66、9．54、4．13。我国生态效率改进的基本策略是：技术进步、结构调整、制度创新和强化管理等。     

环境工艺方法论研究——资源扩容法

资源扩容法是探索新型环境工程工艺的重要方法,其核心思想是认为世界上不存在绝对的废弃物,只有放错位置的资源。本文通过对资源扩容法理论及其应用实例的详细论述,揭示了资源扩容法所蕴涵的哲学理论。     

我国耕地资源安全保障主体的行为倾向与博弈关系

耕地资源安全是耕地保护的上升形式,从耕地资源安全的高度探讨其保障主体行为对于找出当前耕地保护政策失效原因具有重要的意义.文章从耕地资源安全的概念和保障主体分类入手,分析了各保障主体的行为倾向和博弈关系.研究结果表明,我国耕地资源安全保障主体主要包括中央政府、地方政府和农民,在耕地资源数量安全保障方面.中央政府的积极性强于农民,农民的积极性又要强于地方政府;在耕地资源质量和生态安全保障方面,各保障主体的保障积极性都要弱于数量安全,但中央政府的保障积极性仍最高,地方政府和农民均消极应对;各保障主体的行为倾向和博弈关系在一定程度上偏离了耕地资源安全保障政策的总体目标,而从法律上明确保障主体的权利、义务及其行为约束制度有助于规范我国耕地资源安全保障主体的行为.     

沿海港口岸线资源代际配置中政府行为研究

通过将世代交叠模型应用于沿海港口岸线资源代际配置管理,认为政府在对岸线资源代际配置管理中的决策选择主要有3个方面:①当一届政府乐于在任期内两个时段进行开发替代以充分利用技术进步带来的好处时,政府将倾向于储备沿海港口岸线资源留待以后开发.②当一届政府对两个时期内的相似的沿海港口岸线资源的开发有强有力的偏好时,政府倾向于任期前半阶段就盲目过度开发沿海港口岸线资源.致使大量沿海港口岸线资源在落后的技术水平下低效开发,造成岸线资源的严重浪费.③在相对风险厌恶系数为1或无限接近于1的特殊情形中,技术进步因素对政府开发沿海港口岸线资源的决策影响不显著,其开发偏好主要受其它随机因素影响.最后从政府的角度提出:岸线资源代际管理应坚持持续性、公平性和开发与保护并重的原则;树立系统效益最大化的价值评判标准和决策依据;开展岸线资源的价值核算与评估;制定并实施代际资源财富转移政策;确定合适的岸线资源使用的贴现率.     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.     

Comprehensive Assessment on Tourism Eco-environment of Gansu Province Based on Spatial Data

The article studies tourism eco-environment of 14 cities of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, observation data and literature data. The research results were as follows. First, spatial features of 14 cities＇ tourism eco-environment are displayed with five levels of vulnerability respectively. The vulnerability in Gansu becomes worse from Gannan City, located in southern Gansu to Hexi Corridor which lies in northwestern Gansu. Second, the areas of above the middle vulnerability level make up 75% of the total areas of Gansu Province. Third, more than 70% of high-level human and natural tourism resources are in the areas with high vulnerability eco-environment. Fourth, it is crucial to develop comprehensive tourism industry in order to improve the harmonious development between tourism industry and eco-environment in Gansu Province.     

利用中巴地球资源卫星数据反演武汉市湖泊营养状态指数

以武汉市主要湖泊为例,研究了利用中巴地球资源卫星（CBERS2）数据反演水体营养状态指数（TLI）。研究旨在评估利用中巴地球资源卫星数据来估算内陆水体富营养化程度的可能性。首先利用地面水质监测数据计算武汉市某些湖泊监测点的“真实的”营养状态指数（包括综合营养状态指数和修正的Carlson营养状态指数）,同时,在事先经过辐射校正和几何校正的CBERS2图像上,以9×9像元为采样窗口,提取各个对应地点的灰度值均值（从波段1至波段4）;然后,采用多元逐步回归分析,以各波段灰度值均值为自变量,建立营养状态指数经验遥感反演模型;最后,利用模型对整个湖泊水体的营养化状态指数进行反演,并绘制了其空间分布图。 结果显示,营养状态指数的自然对数值与CBERS2图像各波段灰度值之间存在较好相关关系,回归系数平方值(R²)为0.51。利用反演模型反演得到的湖区水质分布与实际情况基本相符。由于CBERS2图像数据可以从我国许多数据分发中心免费获取,这为低成本的水质遥感监测提供了一条途径。