Production and contribution of hydroxyl radicals between the DSA anode and water interface

Hydroxyl radicals play the key role during electrochemical oxidation and photoelectrochemical oxidation. The production and e ect of hydroxyl radicals on the interface between DSA anode and water was investigated by examining the quenching e ect of iso-propanol on Orange II decolorization. We observed that with an increase in electrode potential from 4 to 12 V across electrodes at pH 7.0, the contribution percentage of hydroxyl radicals increased dramatically. More OH radicals were produced in acidic and alkaline conditions than at neutral conditions. At electrode potential of 4 V, the contribution percentage of hydroxyl radicals was obviously higher at near neutral pH conditions, while removal e ciency of Orange II achieved was the lowest concurrently. Finally, for photocatalytic oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and photoelectrochemical oxidation using the same DSA electrode, the e ect of hydroxyl radicals proved to be dominant in photocatalytic oxidation but the contribution of hydroxyl radicals was not dominant in electrochemical oxidation, which implies the necessity of UV irradiation for electrochemical oxidation during water treatment.     

电化学双极法处理高浓度含铜黄连素制药废水

采用电化学双极法处理高浓度含铜黄连素制药废水。在分析其水质特征的基础上,分别考察了极板间距、电流和初始pH等因素对废水中黄连素和Cu2+去除率的影响。结果表明:无需添加电解质与氧化剂,在极板间距为2.0cm,电流为4.0 A,不调节废水pH的条件下,处理时间300 min内,黄连素和Cu2+浓度分别由初始的1 700和22 000mg/L下降至120和55.0 mg/L,去除率达93.3%和99.9%以上。通过计算得出,铜的平均回收率达到97.1%,即处理每t废水可回收铜21.4 kg。由此可见,电化学双极法既降解了废水中黄连素,又回收了大部分的铜。     

Bi-TiO2纳米管阵列电极对水中硝酸盐的去除

为研究电化学技术对硝酸盐氮的去除作用,本实验以TiO₂纳米管（TiO₂-NT）为基体,利用电沉积法制备了Bi-TiO₂纳米管阵列电极（Bi-TNA）.同时,采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对电极涂层表面形貌和晶体结构进行表征,并分析了电流密度、pH、初始浓度对硝态氮去除、亚硝态氮和氨氮转换、总氮去除及氮气选择性的影响.最后分析了Bi-TNA电极对硝态氮去除的动力学模型.结果表明,在单因素水平下,最佳操作条件为：硝态氮浓度为50 mg·L^-1,电流密度为30 mA·cm^-2,pH值为8.5.Bi-TNA电极对硝态氮的还原过程都遵循一级反应动力学.     

环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层户外暴露试验与实验室综合加速试验的相关性研究

目的 研究有机涂层在拉萨试验站户外暴露试验与多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验条件下的相关性。方法 以环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层为研究对象,通过开展户外暴露试验和实验室综合模拟加速试验,利用光泽计和色差仪等分析设备,获得用于表征涂层老化性能的色差和失光率变化规律,比较涂层体系在2种试验条件下老化程度。采用ATR-FTIR、EIS等方法研究涂层分子结构变化和不同环境条件对涂层防腐性能的影响,并分析涂层的降解机理。采用Spearman秩相关系数(rhos)法计算涂层体系在2种环境下的相关性。结果 与户外暴露试验12个月相比,综合模拟加速试验60 d,环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层的色差和失光率基本一致,其色差的相关性为0.771 4,失光率的相关性为0.828 6。结论 与拉萨试验站户外暴露试验相比较,环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层体系在综合加速试验后的色差、失光率、红外光谱、电化学阻抗等关键性能参数变化趋势基本一致,老化机理基本相同。多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验装置能够综合模拟高原高寒气候环境下阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等环境因素,具有较好的模拟性和相关性。     

三维电极处理含酚废水的研究

介绍了三维电极法处理技术的一些特点、机制及其在水处理中的应用.在实验中以活性炭投加量、电极电压、反应时间、电解质NaCl投加量、溶液pH值和苯酚初始浓度为研究对象,分析这些因素对苯酚去除率的影响.     

硝酸根电化学还原去除过程阴极电位振荡研究

硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程中存在多价态变化行为,该过程是一个典型的远离平衡态的非线性体系.为探明硝酸根在去除过程中发生的电化学行为,研究了H₂SO₄浓度、电流、反应温度及NO₃^-浓度对阴极电位振荡的影响规律.采用循环伏安法、XRD、SEM-EDS及XPS表征方法,分析了反应体系循环伏安特性,以及反应前后阴极Cu表面的物相组成、微观形貌、表面电子价态等变化规律.研究结果表明,在恒流条件下(Pt作为阳极、Cu作为阴极),H₂SO₄-NaNO₃体系发生了明显的电位振荡;当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L,电流为12mA,温度为20℃,NaNO₃浓度为0.20mol/L最佳电位振荡条件下,振荡平均振幅为1.15V,振荡平均周期为3s.另外,硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程产生的周期性电位振荡主要原因是阴极Cu表面生成的致密CuO薄膜不断溶解和形成,以及阴极表面H₂的周期性产生与消失.     

微氧环境中电化学活性微生物的分离与鉴定

电化学活性微生物在金属、碳等元素的生物地球化学循环,以及生物能源合成中具有重要作用.与微生物燃料电池厌氧阳极相比,微氧阳极能够捕集更多电能.但是相比于厌氧阳极中功能微生物的广泛研究,微氧阳极中的功能微生物还未被分离和研究.本研究采用传统好氧分离技术从微生物燃料电池微氧阳极分离获得3株纯菌Aeromonas sp.WS-XY2、Citrobacter sp.WS-XY3和Bacterium strain WS-XY4,其中WS-XY2和WS-XY3属于变形菌门,WS-XY4初步鉴定为新种.循环伏安、计时电流结果表明3株菌均具有电化学活性,且具有相似的直接胞外电子传递机制.3株菌在微生物分类学和电化学性质上的异同,表明微氧阳极能够定向筛选具有相似电化学性质的电化学活性微生物.微生物燃料电池微氧阳极具有更高效多样的功能微生物,可能是微氧阳极性能优于厌氧阳极的一个原因.因此,进一步针对微生物燃料电池微氧阳极中功能微生物的研究,将有助于阐明微氧阳极提高微生物燃料电池电能捕集的微生物机制.     

FePMo12催化电化学反应降解染料废水的研究

采用IR和XRD等方法对自制磷钼酸铁(FePMo12)杂多酸进行表征,表明杂多阴离子具有Keggin结构.将FePMo12负载于修饰后的4分子筛(4A)上制备FePMo12/APTES-4A催化剂填充于电化学反应器中,考察电化学氧化体系对酸性大红3R染料废水的脱色效果.结果表明,FePMo12/APTES-4A催化剂对酸性大红3R模拟废水具有良好的催化效果,当活性组分负载量为3%时,在pH为4,槽电压为22 V,曝气量为0.08 m3·h-1,极板间距为3.0 cm反应条件下,90 min后脱色率达到75.3%,COD和TOC去除率分别达到65.4%和46.0%.加入支持电解质Na2SO4和NaCl后,NaCl对电催化降解染料废水有促进作用,而Na2SO4的加入使得废水的脱色效率降低.采用可见-紫外光谱对反应过程中间产物进行分析,表明染料分子中的共轭体系已基本被破坏.     

电化学方法去除污泥中重金属的研究

分析了河东污水处理厂污泥中Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量和形态分布特征,并以PbO2/Ti电极板为阳极、铜板为阴极通电处理污泥,考察了电压、通电时间等因素对污泥pH及重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,污泥中Cd和Ni的含量超过了国家农用标准(GB4284—1984),同时,Cd和Ni也具有较高的生态可利用性.不同电压对污泥重金属去除率影响较大,当电压为35 V,电流为80 mA,反应时间为6 h时,对污泥的处理效果与费用最佳,在此电压下对污泥进行处理,Cu、Pb、Cd和Ni的去除率分别为57.35%、48.42%、68.63%和49.85%.此时,阳极区污泥中的重金属含量已有较大程度的降低,均能达到国家农用标准(GB4284—1984).     

Removal of estrogens by electrochemical oxidation process

Treatments of estrogens such as Estrone(E1), Estradiol(E2) and Ethinylestradiol(EE2) were conducted using an electrolytic reactor equipped with multi-packed granular glassy carbon electrodes.Experimental results showed that E1, E2 and EE2 were oxidized in the range of 0.45–0.85 V and were removed through electro-polymerization. Observed data from continuous experiments were in good agreement with calculated results by a mathematical model constructed based on mass transfer limitation. In continuous treatment of trace estrogens(1 μg/L), 98% of E1, E2 and EE2 were stably removed. At high loading rate(100 μg/L), removal efficiency of E1 was kept around 74%–88% for21 days, but removal efficiency reduced due to passivation of electrodes. However, removal efficiency was recovered after electrochemical regeneration of electrodes in presence of ozone. Electric energy consumption was observed in the range of 1–2 Wh/m3. From these results, we concluded that the present electrochemical process would be an alternative removal of estrogens.