Effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrogen leaching, nitrifying organisms, and enzyme activities in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system

DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.     

供热锅炉炉内磷酸盐控制问题分析及处理意见

介绍了炉内磷酸盐处理的作用和目的,针对某供热锅炉炉水pH值和磷酸根（PO43-）不能同时控制标准范围的问题,通过分析和研究提出了采用低磷处理的建议,节约了药剂和成本、提高了安全稳定性。     

桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

在室内模拟扰动条件下,研究了桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学及其吸附等温线,探讨了磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度以及沉积物的源汇角色.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要发生在0～0.5 h,吸附平衡时间约为6 h,吸附动力学方程符合修正的Elovich模型,回归方程为： Q =85.536+35.512 ln t （r²=0.960 2）;低浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线呈线性,线性方程为： Q =265.04 c _e-7.46（ Ｒ ²=0.965）,高浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（ Ｒ ²=0.989）;沉积物中本底吸附态磷为7.46 μg/g,对磷的最大吸附量 Ｑ _max为769.23 μg/g;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度EPC₀为0.028 mg/L,结合该区域水体磷酸盐含量情况,初步推断该区域的沉积物大多数时间充当的是磷源的角色.     

不同养分对磷酸盐固定的污染土壤中铜锌生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在磷酸盐固定铜、锌单一及复合的三级污染(Cu 200 mg·kg^-1、Zn 400 mg·kg^-1)红壤和水稻土中,种植黑麦草40　d,测定不加养分、加入KCl和NH₄Cl、K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄后土壤中有效态铜锌含量、黑麦草生物量及其铜锌吸收量,以讨论养分对污染土壤中磷酸盐固定态铜锌的活化作用.结果表明,磷酸盐固定的铜单一、锌单一和铜锌复合污染红壤中,增加养分,有效态铜锌的含量都较未加入养分的增高,并且养分KCl和NH₄Cl的增高幅度大于K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,其中在磷酸盐固定的锌单一污染红壤中,有效态锌含量较未加入养分时增幅高达133.4%.虽然加入K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,促进了红壤中黑麦草植株的生长,最大增幅达22.2%,但同时也增加了植株21.5%～112.6%的铜锌吸收量.调节养分对水稻土中铜锌的生物有效性没有显著影响.施入氮钾等养分能够改变磷酸盐固定的污染红壤中铜锌的生物有效性,对固定的铜锌都有活化作用.因此,在重金属污染土壤的修复中要充分考虑施肥等养分条件对固定钝化的重金属活性的影响.     

Removal of citrate and hypophosphite binary components using Fenton, photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes

Both citrate and hypophosphite in aqueous solution were degraded by advanced oxidation processes (Fe2+/H2O2, UV/Fe2+/H2O2, and electrolysis/ Fe2+/H2O2) in this study. Comparison of these techniques in oxidation efficiency was undertaken. It was found that Fenton process could not degrade completely citrate in the presence of hypophosphite since it caused a series inhibition. Therefore, UV light (photo-Fenton) or electron current (electro-Fenton) was applied to improve the degradation efficiency of the Fenton process. Results showed that both photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes could overcome the inhibition of hypophosphite, especially the electro-Fenton.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

磷酸盐水泥对^90Sr固化性能的研究

以含95%MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对90Sr的固化性能.同时,通过XRD、SEM等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准＂放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验＂（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验.结果表明,90Sr的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,随着90...     

钢渣-龙须菜系统处理富营养化海水的研究

分别研究了钢渣、龙须菜和钢渣-龙须菜等系统对富营养化海水中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除效果,探讨了利用钢渣-龙须菜系统处理富营养化海水的可行性.结果表明,钢渣可有效去除富营养化海水中的磷酸盐,不能去除海水中的硝酸盐.起始密度为3g/L的龙须菜对轻度富营养化海水(硝酸盐:0.3~0.6mg/L,磷酸盐:0.05~0.1mg/L)中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除率较高,但是对重度富营养化海水(硝酸盐:4.8mg/L,磷酸盐:0.8mg/L)中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除率较低.钢渣-龙须菜系统将钢渣对磷酸盐的物理吸附、化学沉淀与龙须菜对硝酸盐、磷酸盐的生物吸收结合起来,能够显著降低富营养化海水中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的浓度.     

酸碱调节对混合污泥中氮、磷溶出的影响

为了研究不同酸碱调节下混合污泥(初沉池污泥与剩余污泥按约4∶6的比例混合)中氮磷溶出的变化规律,考察了天津市某污水厂的混合污泥在酸性(pH=3.0),碱性(pH=10.0)以及pH值不调节的情况下,在15～20℃水解酸化过程中氨氮(NH4+-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)的释放规律。结果表明:对混合污泥进行pH调节可以提高氨氮和磷酸盐的释放量,且混合污泥中氨氮的释放量表现为碱性>对比试验>酸性;磷酸盐的释放量表现为酸性>对比试验>碱性。     

锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性

采用锆对天然沸石进行改性,并研究了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性.结果表明,锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵均具有很好的吸附能力.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中铵的等温吸附行为.由Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到锆改性沸石对磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附容量分别达到26.2,7.82 mg/g.热力学参数表明锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而降低.当pH4~8时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力较高;当pH低于4或高于8时,对铵的吸附能力下降.水中共存的Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子对锆改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的影响很小,而共存的SiO32-对磷酸盐的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.水中共存的Ca2+和Mg2+对锆改性沸石吸附铵的影响较小,而共存的K+和Na+对铵的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.锆改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是阴离子配位体的交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是与沸石中可交换阳离子的离子交换.