总磷排放标准的讨论

总磷是评价水质的重要指标,磷以多种形式存在,随着污水排放标准的不断更新．总磷标准的尺度不相一致。根据国家相关标准和规范,给出了能让已有标准内在联系更加完整和协调的建议．期待环境行政管理部门对废水中总磷排放标准作出更加明确合理的相关规定．     

高效除磷渗滤床填料筛选及连续流动态运行特性

磷是造成水体富营养化的重要因素之一,深度去除污染水体中的磷,具有重要的环保意义.为此,本研究比较了多种填料包括海绵铁及其改性填料、钢渣、活性氧化铝、活性炭的吸附除磷特性及动力学,探究了除磷机理,构建了高效除磷渗滤床,考察了动态连续流运行条件下的除磷特性.结果表明酸改性海绵铁具有最高的饱和磷吸附容量,为19.45 mg·g^-1,碱改性海绵铁、活性氧化铝、钢渣、未改性海绵铁及活性炭的饱和磷吸附容量分别为10.91、8.70、7.73、3.39和1.34 mg·g^-1.在此基础上,利用高效除磷填料酸改性海绵铁和钢渣构建了除磷渗滤床,开展了连续240 d的连续流实验,在磷容积负荷为6 g·d^-1·m^-3条件下,渗滤床累积磷吸附量达到10215 mg,单位容积吸附量达到1.62 kg·m^-3.总之,利用酸改性海绵铁和钢渣构建的除磷渗滤床具有较高的除磷效率和性能,可以作为除磷单元与现有的水污染治理及净化工艺耦合,提高或拓展系统除磷功能.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

Ca改性生物炭对土壤磷赋存形态影响及稳定化机制

针对湖库周边农田淹没后土壤磷释放风险控制的问题,采用共热解法制备Ca改性生物炭（Ca-BC）,通过X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、X射线多晶粉末衍射分析（XRD）、吸附实验和模拟培养实验等,进行Ca-BC 对土壤磷赋存形态影响和稳定化机制研究.结果表明,Ca-BC 吸附磷的过程符合Langmuir（R² = 0.940）和一级吸附动力学模型（R² = 0.961）,表明该吸附过程为化学作用主导的单层吸附,最大吸附量达到267.93 mg·g^-1.模拟培养实验表明,当Ca-BC添加量为1%时,土壤中较活跃性的交换态磷形态从7.42%下降至4.59%. XRD结果表明,Ca-BC吸附磷后出现Ca₃（PO₄）₂和Ca₅（PO₄）₃（OH）吸收峰,证明磷酸盐在生物炭表面形成较稳定的晶体沉淀.XPS分析表明,生物炭表面羰基官能团参与磷固定过程,提高了生物炭对磷的吸附能力.总体来讲,Ca-BC 添加量大于1%时,对磷的释放有较好的固定能力,具备对土壤磷释放控制的潜在应用价值.     

CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能研究

采用溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对天然沸石进行改性,并考察了CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能。结果表明,CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐具备一定的吸附能力,且吸附行为满足Langmuir等温吸附模型;粒径、改性剂投加量、反应温度、pH值及共存阴离子等因素均会影响CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力;减小粒径和降低反应温度均有利于CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除;粒径≤0.18 mm CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐较优的改性剂投加量为250 mmol/kg;当溶液的初始pH值位于4~10之间时CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而增强;SO42-的存在会明显降低CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附效率,而提高溶液的pH值有助于消除SO42-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;HCO3-的存在会一定程度上抑制CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除,而提高溶液的pH值无法消除HCO3-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐后一定条件下可以重新解吸出来,且随着解吸液SO42-浓度的增加解吸率明显增大。     

粉煤灰合成沸石同步脱氨除磷特性的研究

利用粉煤灰合成沸石,研究其在同步去除氮、磷方面的特性.合成沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附净化均随时间增加而变化,但均在24h后基本达到平衡.随合成沸石投加量的增加,同步去除污水中氮磷的效果越好,但在投加量为8 g·L^-1以上时去除率的增加明显放慢.在pH为7～9时氨氮去除率最高(约60%),超过此pH范围时去除率降低.在pH 7～9范围磷去除率达最低(约为85%),超过此pH范围时去除率增加(最高达到近100%).合成沸石对氨氮的吸附为放热反应,对磷的吸附为吸热反应.不同阳离子饱和的合成沸石对氨氮的吸附顺序依次为:Al>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe,对磷的吸附顺序则为:Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>Na.合成沸石的氨氮吸附机理为阳离子交换作用,对磷的去除除化学沉淀作用外尚有吸附机制.     

Effect of humic substances on the precipitation of calcium phosphate

For phosphorus （P） recovery from wastewater, the effect of humic substances （HS） on the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied. Batch experiments of calcium phosphate precipitation were undertaken with synthetic water that contained 20 mg/L phosphate （as P） and 20 mg/L HS （as dissolved organic carbon, DOC） at a constant pH value in the range of 8.0-10.0. The concentration variations of phosphate, calcium （Ca） and HS were measured in the precipitation process; the crystalline state and compositions of the precipitates were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and chemical methods, respectively. It showed that at solution pH 8.0, the precipitation rate and removal efficiency of phosphate were greatly reduced by HS, but at solution pH ≥9.0, the effect of HS was very small. The Ca consumption for the precipitation of phosphate increased when HS was added; HS was also removed from solution with the precipitation of calcium phosphate. At solution pH 8.0 and HS concentrations ≤3.5 mg/L, and at pH ≥ 9.0 and HS concentrations ≤ 10 mg/L, the final precipitates were proved to be hydroxyapatite （HAP） by XRD. The increases of solution pH value and initial Ca/P ratio helped reduce the influence of HS on the precipitation of phosphate.     

胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究

以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程.     

有机磷细菌的分离鉴定及其对MC-RR的响应(The Isolation and Identification of Organic Phosphorus Bacteria and Its Response to MC-RR)

从云南滇池水样中分离出具有解磷能力的有机磷细菌P-2,并利用现代分子生物学技术进行了初步鉴定.用0.01、5mg·L-1微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理有机磷细菌P-2,研究了MC-RR对其生长、细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性(ACP和AKP)以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度MC-RR能显著抑制有机磷细菌的生长,延缓其细胞增殖,抑制细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的升高,因而可能改变或减缓生态系统中磷循环的进程,这表明微囊藻毒素在一定程度上可能调节水体细菌功能群落.