过量施用含DMPP氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

采用田间试验对过量施用含硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究.结果表明,与尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)相比,DMPP与硫硝铵、尿素配合形成的新型氮肥(ASN+DMPP, urea+DMPP)均可显著降低小白菜硝酸盐累积,提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和Zn含量,改善品质,ASN+DMPP作用更为明显.与ASN、urea相比,ASN+DMPP处理小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低16.0%和14.1%,均达到了显著性水平;urea+DMPP与urea、ASN相比,小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低7.9%和7.6%,均达到了显著性水平.urea+DMPP、ASN+DMPP明显减少茎叶、特别是茎中硝酸盐积累,抑制幅度以ASN+DMPP较大.此外,ASN+DMPP还可缓解因氮肥过多引起的减产效应.     

胶州湾水质自动站周边水质及运行效果分析

据2016年胶州湾水质自动监测的数据结果,分析了水质变化趋势,并统计和评价其水质超标情况。结果表明:2016-04—11水质自动站海域溶解氧质量浓度和pH 的日均值均达到二类海水水质标准,达标率为100%;活性磷酸盐年均值为0.023mg/L,无机氮年均值为0.154mg/L,以硝酸盐为主(64.9%);无机氮和活性磷酸盐超标率均为16.7%,而且集中在降雨量较大的8月、9月,营养盐指标超标基本与海泊河的淡水输入有关;叶绿素a质量浓度与溶解氧、pH 和浊度呈显著正相关,浮游植物光合作用对该海域表层海水的水质参数影响较大;自动站监测和人工监测的营养盐在年际变化上呈现较一致的趋势,说明运用水质自动站监测该海域的营养盐变化趋势较为准确。     

不同填料对潜流湿地PO43——P去除效果的影响

为解决中国西部农村生活污水的面源污染问题,采用吸附动力学和热力学试验,测定了6种天然和非天然潜流湿地填料吸附水中PO₄3--P的特性。结果表明:填料的吸附平衡时间均为24 h;对PO₄3--P的动力学吸附过程符合Elovich模型;温度为15~35℃时,砾石、混凝土、红砖、瓷砖和生物炭对PO₄3--P的平衡浓度为40 mg/L;砾石和生物炭对PO₄3--P的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型;混凝土、瓷砖、红砖和无烟煤对PO₄3--P的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型;吸附过程主要以物理吸附为主且吸热,PO₄3--P在填料中的吸附为焓推动作用,均不属于自发过程;在24 h时,混凝土对PO₄3--P的去除率为73.45%;因此,混凝土对PO₄3--P吸附效果最佳,更适宜作湿地填料。     

测定地表水中黄磷的分光光度法研究

应用环己烷萃取地表水中微量黄磷,用溴水消解处理有机相将黄磷定量转化为磷酸盐,以磷酸盐标准溶液制作校准曲线,用钼/锑/抗分光光度法测定磷酸盐。对方法的空白控制、萃取回收率、氧化转化率、测量精密度等问题进行探讨。实验证明,以磷酸盐标准溶液制作校准曲线测定地表水中的黄磷,方法检测结果准确可靠。     

pH及DO对磷酸盐在长江口混合过程中迁移、转化的影响

通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同pH及富氧、缺氧条件下长江径流淡水和东海外海水在混合过程中磷酸盐(PO4-P)的稀释模式,并结合2006~2007年长江口及邻近海域PO4-P的实际稀释状况,分析了pH及DO对PO4-P在河口混合行为的影响。结果表明:咸淡水混合需要一定的平衡时间,过滤后的长江水与外海水混合后,大约15 h后PO4-P浓度不再变化;未过滤的长江水与外海水混合则需要10 h的平衡时间。在不同pH咸淡水的混合过程中,PO4-P浓度与盐度均呈现出较好的相关性。且在高、低盐度区,PO4-P浓度与pH的变化分别呈现出不同的趋势。在缺氧和富氧状态下,PO4-P浓度均随盐度的增大而降低,且缺氧状态的PO4-P浓度高于富氧状态的PO4-P浓度。此外,根据2006~2007年长江口及邻近海域的现场调查数据可知,PO4-P在河口的实际稀释状况与本研究的实验结果基本相一致。     

Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Microcystis aeruginosa under various environmental conditions

Growth and uptake of exogenous phosphate by Microcystis aeruginosa in batch culture under different temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence were studied by the method of phosphate isotope tracer. Relatively high temperature, long photoperiod and strong turbulence increased the cell density of M. aeruginosa in these batch cultures. The initial rapid uptake of phosphate by M. aeruginosa was independent of the temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence. Similarly, maximum exogenous phosphate uptake was not related to these environmental factors. However, elevated temperature and turbulence shortened the time, required to obtain maximum P accumulation. The growth of M. aeruginosa could alleviate the phosphorous leakage. Total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa and the phosphorus leakage of M. aeruginosa were significantly influenced by the growth state of M. aeruginosa closely correlated with the environmental factors. The maximum volume of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa was 46% of added exogenous phosphate in water with 16 hours of photoperiod. Thus, total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa were more strongly affected by the photoperiod length than temperature and turbulence.     

Al-CTMAB复合膨润土同时吸附处理水中菲和磷酸根

用AlCl₃和溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)共同改性制得无机-有机复合膨润土Al-CTMAB-Bent,并研究其同时吸附处理水中菲和PO₄^3-的性能.结果表明,在菲和PO₄^3-的初始浓度分别为1 mg/L和5 mg/L(以P计)、水土比为800∶1时,Al-CTMAB-Bent对菲和PO₄^3-的去除率分别为96.3%和90.2%.Al-CTMAB-Bent沉降性能良好,沉降1 h后剩余浊度比相应的有机膨润土下降81.4%,为解决实际污水处理中有机膨润土固-液分离难题提供依据.     

Nutrient exchange and release experiment and its simulation study in lake water-sediment interface

The sediment distributed and insolated under lake was collected for experiments. The nutrient layer distribution conditions of sampled sediment and its physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed to simulate and assess the influence degree to lake water quality. Based on the dynamic water exchanging experiments the nutrient release process in sediment and influence mechanism to substance exchanging on water-sediment interface was studied, and the correlation between the changing content of total phosphors and total nitrogen in sediment and covered water were analyzed for setting up a simulation model. At the same time the influence degree is explained in detail. The experimental results indicated that even if clean water without nutrient contents was used for water exchangement so as to decrease pollution or prevent eutrophication, however owing to the vertical nutrient distribution in lake sediment, it will lead to the increasing release amount greatly especially when the organic nutrient contained in sediment turns into inorganic status because of isolation. Besides the release process of total phosphate （TP） and total nitrogen （TN） were modeled and each nutrient＇s exchanging equation at interface caused by covered water nutrient concentration changing was set up. According to the simulating prediction, TP and TN content of cover water will also sustain a steady higher level in a long period. The nutrient release amount of sediment is not only affected by the covered water concentration but also connects with accumulative time. The experiments provide the fundamental theoretical and practical basis for taking ecological restoration project. And research is helpful to prevent or restore lake eutrophication.     

凹凸棒石粘土吸附剂去除磷酸盐的研究

以天然凹凸棒石粘土为吸附剂,采用恒温振荡间歇式吸附处理方法,讨论磷酸盐去除特性。通过对粘土的热处理和表面处理,优化出加工凹凸棒石粘土为除磷吸附剂的适宜处理条件。即通过3 mol/L碱处理12h,并在300℃下灼烧2h可获得对磷酸盐的最佳处理效果。该吸附剂除磷的动力学和热力学性能可分别用扩散控制模式和稳定状态固定反应吸附等温式得到较好的描述,求得单分子层最大吸附量为8.62mg/g。      

地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。