纳米零价铁催化过氧化氢强化修复4-氯硝基苯污染地下水的研究

化学氧化还原技术是快速修复受污染地下水的重要手段,为探明某污染场地地下水化学修复的可行性和有效性,通过FeSO4与NaBH4液相还原反应制备了纳米零价铁(nZVI)颗粒,对其进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)形貌观测与分析表征.采用制备的nZVI,在常温常压下催化H2O2修复4-氯硝基苯(4-ClNB)污染地下水.考察了不同工艺反应条件对修复效果的影响,分析探讨了工艺对特征污染物的降解机制.结果表明,在温度30℃、初始pH值3.0、nZVI质量浓度268.8mg·L-1、H2O2浓度4.90 mmol·L-1时,nZVI催化H2O2工艺能在30 min内完全转化降解污染地下水中4-ClNB.通过GC/MS、LC/MS和IC鉴定得到4-ClNB降解的主要中间产物,包括4-氯亚硝基苯、4-氯羟基苯胺、4-氯氧化偶氮苯、4-氯偶氮苯、4-氯苯胺、对苯醌、甲酸、乙酸、草酸和氯离子等,并在此基础上给出了4-ClNB可能的降解途径.     

海藻酸钙包覆纳米Ni/Fe颗粒用于同时去除水中铜离子和氯苯

基于纳米铁系材料易团聚、使用寿命短等缺点,本文利用"绿色"、可降解的海藻酸钙包覆Ni/Fe纳米颗粒(CA-Ni/Fe NPs)同时去除水溶液复合污染物铜离子和氯苯.结果发现,降解120 min后,CA-Ni/Fe NPs对混合液中初始浓度为50 mg·L-1铜离子的去除率为85.9%,而对于50 mg·L-1氯苯的去除率则为95.7%.这说明由于纳米Ni/Fe催化剂的高反应活性,CA-Ni/Fe NPs可以用于同时去除复合污染物.实验同时发现,铜离子和氯苯的去除率均随着体系温度、投加量、pH值的升高而增大.动力学和热力学实验研究表明,铜离子和氯苯的同步去除符合伪一级动力学,并且是化学吸附占主导的反应,提出了CA-Ni/Fe NPs对氯苯脱氯降解和还原铜离子的机理.将CA-Ni/Fe NPs用于处理废水,经过3次使用之后同时去除水溶液中铜离子和氯苯的效率分别维持在83.8%和91.7%.     

基于柔性SERS基底的快速原位检测环境污染物的方法

采用自组装方法,在新生的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)薄膜上形成有序的纳米金粒子(AuNPs)层结构,制备AuNPs/PMMA薄膜.因PMMA支撑层具有柔韧性和透光性的特点,可直接将AuNPs/PMMA薄膜置于被检测物表面,通过表面增强拉曼散射技术实现物体表面污染物的快速原位检测.相比于其它检测方法,该方法快速、简单、成本低,在环境监测、食品安全及医疗卫生等领域有着极为广泛的应用前景.     

水传病原微生物PCR-纳米金显色快速检测方法

水传病原微生物是腹泻等肠胃疾病发病的主要原因,而发展快速、有效的检测方法对于控制和减少该类微生物的传播风险十分重要.因此,本文研究了PCR反应结合不修饰的纳米金颗粒(Gold nano-particles,AuNPs)显色检测方法的最佳盐浓度、探针含量、PCR反应条件等,并从纳米金制备、病原菌种类、检测特异性等方面进行考核,确定了最优检测条件为:10μL PCR扩增产物混合20 pmol探针,95℃反应5 min,55.5℃反应3 min后,40℃杂交10 min;此时,先后加入90μL实验用纳米金和一定浓度的PBS溶液,室温观察颜色变化.结果发现,纳米金溶液由红色变为紫色或近于无色为阳性结果,对应的吸光度值迁移出530 nm,以此可达到快速检测病原微生物的目的.     

环球扫描

<正>《自然》2014年10月22日新加坡科学家最近发现绿茶中的一种有效成分——EGCG——能够作为潜在的纳米载药系统用于输送蛋白药物以治疗癌症。一直以来,EGCG都只被认为是绿茶中的一种有益成分,而它能够治疗癌症的功能则是最近才被发现的。研究人员将EGCG和聚乙二醇结合起来,使得EGCG能够保护蛋白质药物不被降解。负责这一研究绿茶不仅养生,还可治癌     

希瓦氏菌介导纳米材料生物合成及其环境应用

纳米材料在环境领域的应用已经日益广泛,但是目前普遍使用的物理、化学的合成方法存在着费用高、环境危害大等问题,因此,通过生物方法合成纳米材料的新型绿色合成技术已经成为纳米材料研究领域的热点之一。金属还原菌希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)所具有的电子释放能力、硫代谢能力以及对毒性的高耐受力等特性,使其在纳米材料领域中具有重要的应用潜力,已成为该领域的研究热点,并受到广泛重视。文章对当前希瓦氏菌合成纳米材料最新进展及其在环境修复中的应用作简要的概述。     

O_2~+、O_3同时脱硫脱硝实验

针对目前的烟气同时脱硫脱硝方法中存在的投资成本、运行费用、占地面积大等问题,研究强电离放电方法产生高浓度氧活性粒子(O2+、O3)注入烟气外排管道中,进行O2+、O3消除烟气中的NO,SO2转化成HNO3,H2SO4的等离子化学反应.描述强电离介质阻挡放电制取O2+、O3原理和烟道中O2+与H2O反应形成·OH及其氧化脱硫脱硝反应机制,分析回收酸液中的酸根离子种类及浓度.在O2+、O3与NO+SO2的物质的量比为5,烟气温度为65℃,H2O体积浓度为10%,停留时间为1s的实验条件下,脱硝脱硫率分别为97.4%,83.2%.     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.     

Synthesis and characterisation of potassium polytitanate for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Potassium titanate nanostructures were synthesised by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 （P25） in KOH and H2O2. As-produced powders were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. Longitudinally-oriented-wire-like structures with a length up to several micrometres and diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm were obtained. Larger size fibrous nanowires resulting from the hydrotherrnal treatment showed high affinity in adsorbing crystal violet （CV）, which was mainly due to their high surface area. The photocatalytic bleaching of CV solution revealed that the wires are photoactive under ultraviolet light irradiation. Macroporous nanowires are considered as effective adsorbents of CV, capable of photocatalvtic degradation, and they can be easily separated from the solution by settling.