Mass transport model of ions within biofilms under the effect of external field

A mass transport model was developed to predict the transport rate of ions within biofilms, which was experimentally verified using the fluxes of NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ through the heterotrophic biofilms with the thickness varying from 230 to 1430μm under the effect of external field in the range of-20 V/m to 60 V/m. It is found that the result predicted by the model is in agreement with the experimentally obtained one, with the error less than 5 percent for the thin biofilms. The error increases with the increase of the biofilm thickness. The transport rate of ions caused by electric migration is affected by the charges, field strength, and biofilm thickness and so on.     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

2020—2021年西安市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子变化特征

用离子色谱法对181份PM_2.5有效样品中NO^-₃、SO₄^2-、NH⁺₄、Cl^-和F^-等5种水溶性离子进行检测分析。结果表明,西安市PM_2.5的年均浓度为(71.04±51.80)μg·m^-3,季节变化特征表现为：冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。五种水溶性离子的年均浓度为(28.24±31.79)μg·m^-3,季节变化特征表现为：冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。各水溶性离子的年均浓度由大到小依次为：NO^-₃>SO₄^2->NH⁺₄>Cl^->F^-。NO^-₃在冬、春、秋三季...     

营养调控影响滇杨幼苗镉积累的效应模型分析

营养调控是强化植物修复效率的重要手段。滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)作为修复土壤镉(Cd)污染的重要候选树种,Cd耐受能力较强,但Cd积累量不高。以滇杨为研究对象,采用“3414”试验设计,开展氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三因素四水平(0、100、200、400 mg·kg^-1)共15个处理的营养调控盆栽试验。通过肥料效应模型推算最佳施肥量、最大Cd积累量以及提升滇杨Cd积累量的最佳施肥方案。结果表明,施加N、P、K均能提升Cd胁迫下滇杨的生物量,提升比例为70.5%-132%,生物量随N、P和K浓度增加而呈现先增加后降低趋势,均在200 mg·kg^-1时达到最大值,施N对生物量的促进最显著。滇杨Cd积累量受N影响最大,其次为P,再次是K。无N处理(N0P0K0、N0P2K2)的Cd积累量最低,高N、高P处理(N2P4K2、N4P2K2)的Cd积累量最高。一元模型拟合结果显示,N以374.704 mg·kg^-1施加时可获得最大Cd积累量(2.168 mg·pot^-1),拟合方程为y=...     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中颗粒物中水溶性阴离子的方法验证

根据《环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阴离子(F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-、SO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)的测定离子色谱法》HJ 799—2016要求,在本实验室仪器和环境条件下进行了实验室的方法验证实验,方法检出限、精密度、准确度等均符合标准要求,此方法在本实验室可行。     

深圳市道路环境空气中PM2.5水溶性离子污染特征

利用深圳市深南中路路边自动空气监测站的水溶性离子色谱监测仪的观测数据,对PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子进行污染特征解析。结果表明,观测期间深南中路路边子站PM_2.5中主要水溶性无机离子的总平均浓度为7.73μg/m³,占PM_2.5平均浓度的39.8%,是PM_2.5的重要组成。其中二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH⁴⁺的平均浓度分别为3.03μg/m³、1.97μg/m³和1.53μg/m³,占总离子平均浓度的84.5%,是最主要的水溶性离子。通过观测,分析了此站点发生的多次水溶性离子污染过程的成因、水溶性离子的的日变化特征及影响NH₄NO₃气粒分配的关键环境因素。     

济南市采暖期PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为了解采暖期济南市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征,于2020年12月18日-2021年1月8日在市区手工采集PM_2.5样品,分别利用重量法和离子色谱法对PM_2.5和9种水溶性离子质量浓度进行了测定,对其污染特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,济南市大气中PM_2.5质量浓度均值为(78±52)μg/m³,水溶性离子质量浓度均值为(43.2±32.7)μg/m³,在PM_2.5中占比55.3%,是PM_2.5的主要组分;随着污染加重,NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-等二次离子(SNA)在PM_2.5中占比显著提高,二次转化明显增强;SOR、NOR与风速、气压、混合层高度呈负相关,与气温、湿度呈正相关,在静稳天气下更容易产生二次转化;观测期间PM_2.5...     

不同给水管材对管壁附着生物膜铅、镉的解吸动力学研究

给水管壁生物膜会吸附水中的重金属元素积累在管壁生物膜中,在受到扰动时释放回到水体,危害饮用水水质安全。试验以上海管网末梢水为实验对象,研究了PVC、铸铁和紫铜等三种管材上生物膜对铅、镉的解吸特性。结果表明,PVC、铸铁和紫铜附着生物膜对铅的解吸容量qe分别为:5.92211μmol·m^-2、128.3051μmol·m^-2和21.1808,解吸速率常数k分别为:0.001060 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.000041 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000503 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1,对于镉元素三种材质的解吸容量qe分别为:14.71519μmol·m^-2、18.50481μmol·m^-2和2.25225μmol·m^-2;解吸速率常数k分别为:0.000102 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.001070 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000103 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1。