Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As（Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) and arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at different ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(Ⅲ) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(Ⅲ) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostatic attraction under the acidic condition. Moreover, intersects of As(Ⅴ) adsorption-pH curves at different ionic strengths (a characteristic pH) are obtained for both soils. It was noted that above this pH, the adsorption of As(Ⅴ) was increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas below it the reverse trend was true. Precisely the intersect pH was 3.6 for Haplic Acrisol and 4.5 for Rhodic Ferralsol, which was near the values of PZSE (soil point of zero salt effect) of these soils. The effects of ionic strength and pH on arsenate adsorption by these soils were interpreted by the adsorption model. The results of zeta potential suggested that the potential in adsorption plane becomes less negative with increasing ionic strength above soil PZSE and decreases with increasing ionic strength below soil PZSE. These results further supported the hypothesis of the adsorption model that the potential in the adsorption plane changes with ionic strength with an opposite trend to surface charge of the soils. Therefore, the change of the potential in the adsorption plane was mainly responsible for the change of arsenate adsorption induced by ionic strength on variable charge soils.     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and particulate pathways

Humic acid is an important pool of heavy metals in sediments.Generally,the presence of refractory humic matter in aquatic systems would decrease the bioavailability of Cd and hence control the bioaccumulation of Cd in benthic animals.In the present work,we applied a suspending system to determine the relative importance of particulate and dissolved fractions of humic acid as Cd sources for the bivalve Meretrix meretrix and to investigate the difference of bioaccumulation characteristics of Cd adsorbed on di...     

镉、铅在沉水植物龙须眼子菜叶片中的分布

采用室内浸提、扫描电镜附加能谱分析、差数离心和凝胶层析等手段,研究了镉、铅在龙须眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)叶片中的分布.结果表明,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅具有很强的吸收能力,对溶液中镉、铅的平均去除效率分别为84%、91%.当镉、铅处理液浓度分别为6.67,83.00μmol/L时,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅的生物积累量分别为496,10800mg/kg,其中可溶态镉、铅的浓度分别为55.0,14.1mg/kg,说明龙须眼子菜叶片中的镉、铅大部分都是以结合态存在的.铅在龙须眼子菜叶细胞上的分布重量百分比及原子百分比均高于镉.15%的镉和25%的铅分布在龙须眼子菜的细胞壁中;56%的镉和25%的铅分布在液泡和胞基质中.龙须眼子菜叶片中除了有小分子蛋白与镉结合外,还有其他小分子有机物也能与镉结合,而铅则主要与小分子蛋白结合.     

镉诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺细胞凋亡研究

应用显微与亚显微技术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0、7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg·L-1)处理不同时间(24、48、72和96h)对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)肝胰腺细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,29.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理48h,光镜下肝胰腺细胞凋亡主要表现为染色质不规则凝聚、固缩和边集;58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h,细胞核碎裂,形成凋亡小体;116mg·L-1Cd2+处理96h,出现坏死细胞;电镜下48h和72h处理组肝胰腺细胞呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征,与光镜检测结果一致,具体表现为核边集、核膜折叠、核裂解形成凋亡小体.琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱中48和72h处理组出现凋亡细胞所特有的DNA梯状条带,58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h后条带尤为清晰.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中凋亡细胞所占比例呈现先升后降的趋势,凋亡指数的变化表现出显著的剂量和时间效应关系.研究表明,镉能够诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺出现细胞凋亡.细胞凋亡的检测及凋亡指数的变化能够灵敏地反映出镉对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为水生态环境镉污染的生物评估指标.     

pH和铜离子对微囊藻毒素-LR荧光免疫检测的影响与消除

研究了pH和铜离子对倏逝波全光纤免疫传感器检测微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的影响及其消除措施.研究表明,过酸或过碱条件对MC-LR免疫检测均有较强烈的影响,当pH<6或pH>8时,系统检测的信号随pH的降低或增大明显下降;而当pH在6～8之间时,检测标准曲线的IC₅₀为1.01～1.04 μg/L,检测区间在0.12～10.5 μg/L之间,较适合MC-LR的检测.低浓度铜离子对MC-LR免疫检测的影响不大,当CuSO₄浓度>5 mg/Ｌ时,系统检测荧光信号明显下降,而当CuSO₄浓度达到10 mg/Ｌ时,系统检测信号下降70％以上.在预反应混合物中添加1%的螯合剂EDTA,能有效抑制铜离子对免疫检测的影响.     

石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定西丽水库支流中的痕量铜、铅、镉

采用长寿命石墨管,应用塞曼效应扣除背景,在测定铜金属中无任何基体改进剂及测定铅、镉金属中加入2.5%的NH4H2PO4作为基体改进剂,提出用石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定西丽水库支流中铜、铅、镉金属的舍量的方法.结果表明,该方法简便、快速、准确,结果令人满意.     

饮用水消毒中一氯胺的衰减动力学研究

对饮用水消毒过程中一氯胺的衰减过程,采用二级反应速率模型对其衰减规律进行了非线性拟合;分别考察了pH值、温度、碳酸盐、溴离子、碘离子和天然有机物(NOM)浓度等水质参数变化对一氯胺衰减速率的影响.结果表明,pH值是影响一氯胺衰减速率的重要因素,pH<7.0时尤为明显;温度和碳酸盐对一氯胺的衰减速率均有明显影响;在pH=6.60时,随着溴离子浓度的增加一氯胺的衰减加快;在pH>7.60,0.1 mg/L的溴离子浓度对一氯胺的衰减影响不明显,碘离子对一氯胺的衰减影响较相同反应条件下溴离子的影响明显.此外,一氯胺衰减动力学模拟结果表明,采用二级动力学反应模型可以较好地拟合在卤素离子(Br-I、-)共存条件下的一氯胺衰减规律,对在沿海地区饮用水消毒工艺中不同条件下氯胺消毒剂浓度预测可以提供一定的理论和技术支持.     

载铜蒙脱石对大肠杆菌K88吸附性能的研究

以蒙脱石(MMT)和硫酸铜为主要原料,制备了载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu),并对MMT-Cu吸附大肠杆菌K88的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:MMT和MMT-Cu对大肠杆菌K88均有较强的吸附作用,但载铜后蒙脱石吸附大肠杆菌的能力明显增强.细菌与吸附材料作用90min后可达到吸附平衡.介质pH值、离子强度和吸附温度对MMT和MMT-Cu吸附细菌的能力均有不同程度的影响.     

氧化铝负载镧去除水中F-的研究

通过固相反应合成了氧化铝负载的氧化镧吸附剂并研究了其对水中F-的吸附.结果表明.合成的材料对F-有很好的去除效果,最大吸附量达到53.4 mg·g-1;适当提高吸附温度和氧化镧负载量都能在一定范围内提高吸附量;较低的固相反应焙烧温度有利于提高去除率,随着焙烧温度的升高,吸附量从170℃焙烧的42.2 mg·g-1下降到了350℃焙烧的32.9 mg·g-1.同时,吸附剂表现出了很好的适应性,在较宽的pH范围内都能保持较高的吸附量.     

零价铁（ZVI）去除Cu2+的特性及机制研究

研究了零价铁去除水溶液中铜离子的影响因素及动力学特性,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析对反应机制进行了探讨.结果表明,当溶液中Cu2+的浓度为300 mg/L,零价铁的用量为1 g/L时,Cu2+的去除率99%.Cu2+的去除速度很快,且反应前30min零价铁去除Cu2+的过程可以用一级反应动力学方程模拟.零价铁去除Cu2+的机制主要基于氧化还原反应,Cu2+的还原产物主要为Cu和Cu2O.