Mo-TiO2/AC光催化剂的制备及可见光降解L-酸的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mo⁶⁺掺杂TiO₂光催化剂,并将其负载于粒状活性炭上,以1-萘酚-5-磺酸(L-酸)为模型反应物,研究了对L-酸的光催化作用并讨论了不同光源以及负载次数对L-酸的去除率和溶液的总有机碳去除率的影响.结果表明, Mo⁶⁺掺杂扩大了TiO₂催化剂的光谱响应范围.负载于活性炭上的掺杂二氧化钛为锐钛矿相,粒径约为17.8　nm.负载次数增多,催化剂的活性下降.Mo⁶⁺的掺杂不影响负载催化剂的紫外光活性及对L-酸的吸附能力.100　mg·L^-1的L-酸溶液加0.4 g催化剂,在可见光下反应4 h,掺杂催化剂对L-酸和溶液总有机碳的去除率分别为57%和53%,而未掺杂的催化剂去除率分别为13%和10%.催化剂反复使用4次,催化活性没有变化.     

Identification, synthesis and activity of sex pheromone gland components of the autumn gum moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a defoliator of Eucalyptus

Summary. The autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is native to Australia and can be a pest of plantation eucalypts. Field-collected and laboratory-reared female autumn gum moths were dissected to remove glands likely to contain components of the sex pheromone. Using gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), three compounds were identified from female extracts, namely (3Z,6 Z,9 Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol (confirmed by comparison with synthetic samples). Nonadecatriene elicited an antennal response in male autumn gum moth during gas chromatographic analyses combined with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). In electroantennogram (EAG) recording male M. privata antennae responded to the nonadecatriene. Nonadecatriene was synthesised via Kolbe electrolysis, starting with (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid (linolenic acid) and propanoic acid or via an alternative four-step method also starting from linolenic acid. In field trials (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene proved attractive to male moths. Thus, we conclude that (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9- nonadecatriene is a sex pheromone component of autumn gum moth. This component has been identified in extracts from other geometrids in the same subfamily, Ennominae. However, to our knowledge this is the first example where (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene has been found in females and also proved attractive to male moths when presented on its own. Our results are discussed in relation to other geometrid pheromones.     

电厂烟气脱硫废水处理

主要介绍电厂脱硫废水处理工艺的情况,针对废水中Cr6+、F-、SS的处理,采用中和-还原工艺处理脱硫废水,使处理后的废水各项出水指标达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》国家一级排放标准。     

扩展细胞色素P4502A6对大位阻底物的适应性

细胞色素P450酶(P450)的分子改造及其催化的生物转化是当前的两个研究热点.本研究以扩展P450 2A6的底物适应性为目标,通过尝试对P450 2A6酶进行N-端修饰提高表达量、筛选随机突变库以及点突变改变活性位点重要氨基酸残基等手段,在两个随机突变体中未筛选到功能突变体,但通过点突变重要氨基酸残基获得了新的突变体P450 2A6 (N297Q/I300A).该突变体具有比野生型和已报道的其它突变体更广泛的底物适应性,能够催化氧化大位阻底物6-苄氧基吲哚(6-OBzl-indole)生成蓝绿色物质.该物质经质谱测定为靛蓝类二聚体化合物.实验表明,其中两个氨基酸残基的变化都是关键突变,此结果与最新的P450 2A6突变体晶体结构研究相符.计算机模拟显示,I300A突变导致活性口袋在铁卟啉环的垂直和水平方向都增大,使其能接纳在两个方向都有位阻的底物;而297位的天冬酰胺是一个功能保守的残基,N297Q的变化可能与氢键等弱作用有关.图4表1参29     

Cr^6＋对3种玉米品种的生理特性影响

为了研究不同剂量下Cr6＋对于三种玉米（Zea mays L.）种子的毒害效应,进一步探究长期堆放铬渣的土壤对周围环境的污染程度以及对生态环境的潜在影响.选取三种不同品种的玉米,随机分为对照组以及1×10^-4、5×10^-4、1×10^-3 mol·L^-1,5×10^-3、1×10^-2 mol·L^-1 实验剂量组,探究Cr6＋对三种不同品种玉米种子的毒害效应.将种子于实验室条件下常规培养后,分别测定不同Cr^6＋胁迫剂量下,三种玉米种子（郑单958,强盛31,农大108）的生长状况,株高、根长、鲜物质量和干物质量以及胁迫前后超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化.对不同剂量下Cr^6＋对三种玉米的生理特性影响进行比较研究.结果表明：5 种不同浓度的Cr^6＋溶液对玉米种子进行胁迫后,三种玉米的生长均受到了-定程度的抑制,玉米幼苗株高、根长、鲜物质量和干物质量均呈下降趋势.在低剂量1×10^-4 mol·L^-1 时,即产生显著影响（P〈0.05）,且胁迫剂量越大,对玉米种子生长产生的抑制作用越强.三种不同的玉米种子体内均产生了Cr^6＋富集现象,且随着染毒剂量的增加,玉米体内富集量增加,细胞叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b 比值降低,三种玉米品种幼苗POD 活性、SOD 活性以及MDA 含量均随暴露浓度增加而增加.在Cr^6＋暴露剂量为最大剂量1×10^-2 mol·L^-1 时,POD 活性、SOD 活性与MDA含量均增加至最大值.各剂量下,均有显著性变化（P〈0.05）产生.由此可见,不同剂量的Cr^6＋对于三种玉米种子均会产生-定的毒害效应,对玉米的生长产生不良影响.     

新车免检新政实施后对高污染车的管理思路与对策的探讨

2014年9月1日起,国家试行6年以内的非营运轿车等车辆免检制度。大多数城市根据此规定,对于车辆的排放定期检验也同步实施6年免检。随着汽车保有量的快速增长,车辆尾气排放对大气环境的影响不容忽视。因此,地方环保部门应针对机动车污染排放的管理重点,从管理手段、管理体制机制、管理对策等方面进一步加强对高污染车辆的监管。     

Hydrolysis mechanism of carbendazim hydrolase from the strain Microbacterium sp. djl-6F

The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)analysis revealed that purified MheI-6F protein catalyzes direct hydrolysis of MBC into2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB) with a high turnover rate and moderate affinity(Kmof6.69 μmol/L and kcatof 160.88/min) without the need for any cofactors. The optimal catalytic condition of MheI-6F was identified as 45°C, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity of MheI-6F was found to be diminished by metal ions, and strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).Through generating amino acid mutations in MheI-6F, Cys16 and Cys222 were identified as the catalytic groups that are essential for the hydrolysis of MBC. This is the first report on the biodegradation of MBC at the enzymatice level.     

Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity

Assessments of risk to biodiversity often rely on spatial distributions of species and ecosystems. Range‐size metrics used extensively in these assessments, such as area of occupancy (AOO), are sensitive to measurement scale, prompting proposals to measure them at finer scales or at different scales based on the shape of the distribution or ecological characteristics of the biota. Despite its dominant role in red‐list assessments for decades, appropriate spatial scales of AOO for predicting risks of species’ extinction or ecosystem collapse remain untested and contentious. There are no quantitative evaluations of the scale‐sensitivity of AOO as a predictor of risks, the relationship between optimal AOO scale and threat scale, or the effect of grid uncertainty. We used stochastic simulation models to explore risks to ecosystems and species with clustered, dispersed, and linear distribution patterns subject to regimes of threat events with different frequency and spatial extent. Area of occupancy was an accurate predictor of risk (0.81<|r|<0.98) and performed optimally when measured with grid cells 0.1–1.0 times the largest plausible area threatened by an event. Contrary to previous assertions, estimates of AOO at these relatively coarse scales were better predictors of risk than finer‐scale estimates of AOO (e.g., when measurement cells are <1% of the area of the largest threat). The optimal scale depended on the spatial scales of threats more than the shape or size of biotic distributions. Although we found appreciable potential for grid‐measurement errors, current IUCN guidelines for estimating AOO neutralize geometric uncertainty and incorporate effective scaling procedures for assessing risks posed by landscape‐scale threats to species and ecosystems.     

Effects of age and sex ratios on offspring recruitment rates in translocated black rhinoceros

Success of animal translocations depends on improving postrelease demographic rates toward establishment and subsequent growth of released populations. Short‐term metrics for evaluating translocation success and its drivers, like postrelease survival and fecundity, are unlikely to represent longer‐term outcomes. We used information theory to investigate 25 years of data on black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) translocations. We used the offspring recruitment rate (ORR) of translocated females—a metric integrating survival, fecundity, and offspring recruitment at sexual maturity—to detect determinants of success. Our unambiguously best model (AICω = 0.986) predicted that ORR increases with female age at release as a function of lower postrelease adult rhinoceros sex ratio (males:females). Delay of first postrelease reproduction and failure of some females to recruit any calves to sexual maturity most influenced the pattern of ORRs, and the leading causes of recruitment failure were postrelease female death (23% of all females) and failure to calve (24% of surviving females). We recommend translocating older females (≥6 years old) because they do not exhibit the reproductive delay and low ORRs of juveniles (<4 years old) or the higher rates of recruitment failure of juveniles and young adults (4–5.9 years old). Where translocation of juveniles is necessary, they should be released into female‐biased populations, where they have higher ORRs. Our study offers the unique advantage of a long‐term analysis across a large number of replicate populations—a science‐by‐management experiment as a proxy for a manipulative experiment, and a rare opportunity, particularly for a large, critically endangered taxon such as the black rhinoceros. Our findings differ from previous recommendations, reinforce the importance of long‐term data sets and comprehensive metrics of translocation success, and suggest attention be shifted from ecological to social constraints on population growth and species recovery, particularly when translocating species with polygynous breeding systems.     

Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas for conservation of lake fish communities

Freshwater protected areas are rare even though freshwater ecosystems are among the most imperiled in the world. Conservation actions within terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) such as development or resource extraction regulations may spill over to benefit freshwater ecosystems within their boundaries. Using data from 175 lakes across Ontario, Canada, we compared common indicators of fish‐assemblage status (i.e., species richness, Shannon diversity index, catch per unit effort, and normalized‐length size spectrum slopes) to evaluate whether TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages. Nearest neighbor cluster analysis was used to generate pairs of lakes: inside versus outside, inside versus bordering, and bordering versus outside TPAs based on lake characteristics. The diversity and abundance indicators did not differ significantly across comparisons, but normalized‐length size spectrum slopes (NLSS) were significantly steeper in lakes outside parks. The latter indicated assemblage differences (greater abundances of small‐bodied species) and less‐efficient energy transfer through the trophic levels of assemblages outside parks. Although not significantly different, pollution‐ and turbidity‐tolerant species were more abundant outside parks, whereas 3 of the 4 pollution‐intolerant species were more abundant within parks. Twenty‐one percent of the difference in slopes was related to higher total dissolved solids concentrations and angling pressure. Our results support the hypothesis that TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages and suggest that NLSS slopes are informative indicators for aquatic protected area evaluations because they represent compositional and functional aspects of communities.