Bioremediation of soils contaminated with explosives

The large-scale industrial production and processing of munitions such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) over the past 100 years led to the disposal of wastes containing explosives and nitrated organic by-products into the environment. In the US, the Army alone has estimated that over 1.2 million tons of soil have been contaminated with explosives, and the impact of explosives contamination in other countries is of similar magnitude. In recent years, growing concern about the health and ecological threats posed by man-made chemicals have led to studies of the toxicology of explosives, which have identified toxic and mutagenic effects of the common military explosives and their transformation products (Bruns-Nagel et al., 1999a; Fuchs et al., 2001; Homma-Takeda et al., 2002; Honeycutt et al., 1996; Rosenblatt et al., 1991; Spanggord et al., 1982; Tan et al., 1992 and Won et al., 1976). Because the cleanup of areas contaminated by explosives is now mandated because of public health concerns, considerable effort has been invested in finding economical remediation technologies. Biological treatment processes are often considered, since these are usually the least expensive means of destroying organic pollution. This review examines the most important groups of chemicals that must be treated at sites contaminated by explosives processing, the chemical and biological transformations they undergo, and commercial processes developed to exploit these transformations for treatment of contaminated soil. We critically examine about 150 papers on the topic, including approximately 60 published within the past 5 years.     

固定化菌种降解2,6-二叔丁基酚的研究

用前期研究中获得的2,6二叔丁基酚(简2,6DTBP)降解菌(Aeromonassp.),进行了对2,6二叔丁基酚的降解性能等研究。结果表明菌株经固定化包埋后,降解底物2,6DTBP的能力大大提高。在100.0mg/L的初始浓度下其降解率在12d可达到81%。通过对固定化菌株的降解反应过程的动力学分析,其对底物的降解反应符合一级动力学特征,当2,6DTBP初始浓度为100mg/L时,固定化菌种其动力学常数为0.1232,半衰期为5.63day。扫描电镜观察到菌种在海藻酸钙包埋载体中能良好地生长和繁殖。     

减排六氟化硫应对全球气候变化

SF6为目前认为具有最高温室气体暖化潜势的气体,也是《京都议定书》控制的6种温室气体之一,对气候的影响能力不可忽视。SF6气体的应用所造成的温室效应与环境污染问题,已备受全球关注,sF6减排已成为社会责任。减少sF6气体排放量,是控制温室气体排放的重要手段之一。随着sF6气体使用量的增加和使用范围的扩大,在合理使用和管理sF6气体的同时,研究逐步减少sF6气体使用比例,减少sF6气体排放量,减少其对温室效应贡献的应对策略,保护我们赖以生存的环境已显得十分迫切。     

Coupled anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol

Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol(TCP) with co-immobilizing anaerobic granular sludge and isolated aerobic bacterial species was studied in coupled anaerobic/aerobic integrated reactors. The synergism of aerobes and anaerobes within co-immobilized granule might facilitate degrading the TCP and exchange of anaerobic metabolites 4-CP, which promoted system organic removal efficiency and recovered from organic shock-loads more quickly. The bionmass specific activities experiment further confirmed that strict anaerobes be not affected over the crsurse of this experiment by the presence of an oxic environment, aerobic activity predominated in the outer co-immobilized grange layers,while the interior was characterized by anaerobic activity. The co-immobilized granule could thus enable both aerobic and anaerobic microbes function in the same reactor and thereby integrate the oxidative and reductive catabolism.     

催化湿式共氧化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的研究

以NaNO2为催化剂、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)为共氧化物质对内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)进行了催化湿式共氧化(CWCO)降解,研究发现,在NaNO2存在的条件下,TCP的加入极大地促进了BPA的降解:在170℃、0.5MPa氧气压力条件下反应6h后,催化湿式共氧化体系中COD去除率达到了71.2%,而BPA单独氧化降解时,COD去除率仅为24.7%.在此基础上考察了反应温度、氧气压力、反应时间、TCP浓度和NaNO2浓度对BPA降解效率的影响,筛选出了最优反应条件(170℃的反应温度、0.5MPa的氧气压力、6h的反应时间、0.5mmol/L BPA、0.5mmol/L TCP和0.1mmol/L NaNO2).在优化条件下,BPA和TCP去除率分别达到了100%和96.4%,同时反应后溶液的可生化性大大提高,BOD5/COD值从反应前的0.08增加到了0.95.另外,GC-MS结果表明,BPA和TCP降解的产物主要为小分子有机酸,分别是乙酸,2-甲基戊二酸,丁二酸,3-甲基己二酸,己三酸以及1-丙烯基-1,2,3-三羧酸.该共氧化技术为污染水体中BPA和TCP的同时去除提供了一种可能性.     

农业废物堆肥化中理化参数对GH6家族基因影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究农业废物稻草堆肥化过程中参与纤维素降解的糖苷水解酶GH6家族基因的变化,并使用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)和蒙特卡罗置换检验(Monte Carlo permutation test)研究了生物信息矩阵与环境因子矩阵间的相关性.结果表明,8个理化参数对GH6家族基因变化影响的相对大小为:p H堆体温度TN(total nitrogen)TOM(total organic matters)C/N(TOC/TN)含水率环境温度WSC(water soluble carbon),8个理化参数共解释了83.1%的GH6家族基因变化,对GH6家族基因变化有重要影响,其中pH(P=0.002)、堆体温度(P=0.004)和TN(P=0.004)是影响GH6家族基因变化的显著因子,三者分别解释了24.92%、15.57%和15.04%的GH6家族基因变化.含GH6家族基因的优势菌种在堆体不同时期有所不同.GH6家族基因的多样性和丰度随堆肥化进程整体呈现出波动趋势.基于冗余分析的t-value分析表明3个显著因子对GH6家族基因的动态变化具有不同的正负相关性.     

贫燃条件Ag-Rh/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3协同催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的原位红外研究

将Ag-Rh浸渍到共沉淀法合成的Ce-Zr-Al上,制备出Ag(0.04)-Rh(x)/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2-75%Al2O3系列催化剂,采用BET比表面积、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨催化剂在贫燃条件下选择性还原NO的活性和反应机理.结果表明,Ag-Rh双组分催化剂的活性较单组分Ag、Rh催化剂的高.Rh负载量为0.7%(质量分数)时,NO转化率达最佳(90.3%),且反应的起燃温度低、活性温度范围宽(300～500℃).DRIFTS结果显示,Rh的添加不仅有利于催化剂表面NO的吸附,而且能促进Ag催化生成关键反应中间体—CO—NH—,进而显著提高NO的转化率.     

基于Landsat 7的武汉市热岛效应研究

城市化使得城市数量和规模不断增加,城市作为人类对自然环境改造最为剧烈的部分,具有独特的区域环境,其中城市内部温度显著高于周边郊区的热岛效应是一个突出的城市环境问题,受到了普遍关注和研究。武汉市是长江中游特大城市,城市热岛效应明显,但对其研究很少。利用Landsat TM6波段数据,生成武汉市城市亮温场,分析了武汉市热场的分布、大小,利用亮温场均值、方差和相对温度评价城市热岛强度,并对城市热场的范围及强度变化与城市发展规模及方向进行了分析,取得了较好的效果。