1种钝化剂对3种水稻生长影响及降镉效果的研究

为了考察钝化剂对不同程度污染土壤及不同水稻品种的适应性,采用盆栽试验研究了2种程度镉污染农田土壤(轻度污染土壤和重度污染土壤)中钝化剂的修复效果以及3个品种水稻对镉的吸收。结果表明:添加钝化剂后,2种污染程度土壤的pH值在不同时期均显著提高(轻度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 18～0. 73,重度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 42～0. 71),土壤中pH值与土壤有效态Cd呈负相关性(轻度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd相关系数为0. 77;重度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd的相关系数为0. 91)。2种程度镉污染土壤分蘖期和成熟期的有效态Cd在施加钝化剂后明显降低(轻度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为30. 69%,在成熟期的最大降幅为25. 69%;重度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为6%,在成熟期的最大降幅为7. 5%)。糙米总Cd在施加钝化剂后也明显降低(轻度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为59. 46%～66. 67%,重度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为18. 71%～57. 60%)。施加钝化剂对水稻株高、叶绿素、有效穗、生物量及产量无显著性差异。此外,3个水稻品种的糙米Cd富集系数有一定的差异,2种污染程度土壤中水稻生长有差异。因此,钝化剂对3种水稻品种均具有降镉效果,且对3种水稻生长无负面影响。钝化剂对水稻生长轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果优于重度污染土壤的修复效果,施用钝化剂能使轻度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标,不能使重度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标;轻度污染土壤中水稻生长效果明显优于重度污染土壤中水稻生长。     

Impact of DDT spraying on the residue levels in soil,chicken, fish‐pond water,carp, and human milk samples from malaria infested villages in central Java

Samples were collected at some villages in Central Java, sprayed with DDT to control outbreaks of malaria, 2, 8 and 24 years before sampling. The impacts of DDT spraying on the residue levels in soil and chicken, water and fish, and human milk, and the daily intake by nursed infants are evaluated.     

Decision Making in a Human Population Living Sustainably

Abstract: The Tiwi people of northern Australia have managed natural resources continuously for 6000–8000 years. Tiwi management objectives and outcomes may reflect how they gather information about the environment. We qualitatively analyzed Tiwi documents and management techniques to examine the relation between the social and physical environment of decision makers and their decision‐making strategies. We hypothesized that principles of bounded rationality, namely, the use of efficient rules to navigate complex decision problems, explain how Tiwi managers use simple decision strategies (i.e., heuristics) to make robust decisions. Tiwi natural resource managers reduced complexity in decision making through a process that gathers incomplete and uncertain information to quickly guide decisions toward effective outcomes. They used management feedback to validate decisions through an information loop that resulted in long‐term sustainability of environmental use. We examined the Tiwi decision‐making processes relative to management of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fisheries and contrasted their management with the state government's management of barramundi. Decisions that enhanced the status of individual people and their attainment of aspiration levels resulted in reliable resource availability for Tiwi consumers. Different decision processes adopted by the state for management of barramundi may not secure similarly sustainable outcomes.     

Comparative study of plasma lead levels in the staff of Dandy Zinc Factory of Zanjan and in normal individuals

Pollution is a global problem which affects various human population functions. Despite the decline in plasma lead (Pb) levels among the general population during the past 20 years, this metal continues to be a public health concern for individuals with past and present exposures. The objective of this study was to determine blood lead levels (BPbL) in the staff of Dandy Zinc Company and compare them to control subjects. The test group included 40 staff of Dandy Zinc Company of Zanjan, while controls were selected from general population. Five milliliters of blood and plasma was sent to Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AOEI) reference lab to measure BPbL by Flameless Atomic Absorption. BPbL in test group (16.6 + 8.18 µg dL^?1) was significantly higher than control (10.47 + 2.10 µg dL^?1). In both groups BPbL was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers. Blood lead levels in molding workers were significantly higher than other workers. BPbL in exposed workers were directly related to duration of work and age. Data indicate Pb exposure was of significant magnitude to be a public health concern especially in zinc-and Pb-related industries.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

爆炸荷载作用下岩石的变形与破坏研究(Ⅱ)

无论是矿山工程、隧道工程中钻孔爆破效率的提高、工程爆破领域爆破振动参数的预测,还是最近一系列高技术常规局部战争中钻地炸弹对地下坚固目标的破坏,在不考虑岩石中强爆炸引起的光子和电磁辐射等极端效应情况下,都亟待要求对岩石中爆炸引起的应力、变形及其它运动参数和破坏效应作出比较准确的评估。目前对此问题的研究尚只能达到大致的机理及景象的定性认识和描述,定量上的确定存在数量级的误差,尤其是爆炸和冲击的近区,误差更大。其原因在于岩石中爆炸产生的变形和破坏特征,不仅与作用时发生相应的物理及力学运动密切相关,而且强烈地受岩石自身构造缺陷水平及其变化的制约。本文概述了爆炸作用下岩石的动力变形与破坏研究之现状。研究中考虑了岩石的构造特点及其对基本力学性状的影响,并简述了其研究的新趋向。     

Effects on fisheries and waterbirds of raising water levels at Kerkini Reservoir,a Ramsar site in northern greece

A new, higher dam was installed at Kerkini Reservoir in 1982, causing habitat and landscape disruption. A decrease in the area of grassland and shallow water areas, the rapid disappearance of reedbeds, the appearance of beds ofNymphaea, and the disappearance of half the forest area were all observed between 1982 and 1991. With the new hydrological regime, a lacustrine system was created, with an extensive, rather deep (4–8 m), pelagic zone favorable for the development of coarse fish species throughout the year. After 1982, an increase in fishing effort and a change in the relative abundance of fish species in the catch, including the disappearance of eels and wels, were observed. The impact of the rise in the water level of breeding aquatic birds led to a general decline in species typical of marshy habitats in favor of species preferring deeper open water habitats. A decrease was recorded in bird species that feed largely on invertebrates and to a lesser extent fish (e.g., glossy ibis) and that require extensive shallow feeding areas. There was a decline in geese, whose nests were regularly flooded, and a major increase in piscivorous birds, particularly diving birds (e.g., cormorants), which prefer deeper open water and benefitted directly from the large increase in coarse fish biomass. The disappearance of birds breeding in flooded meadows (e.g., black-winged stilts) and of those restricted to reedbeds (e.g., marsh harrier) occurred from 1983. Over the same period, the changes in populations of wintering birds at Kerkini were different from those occurring in other wetlands in northern Greece. The changes recorded in the populations of wintering birds at Kerkini did not therefore result from overall regional trends but from the major habitat modifications that occurred to this wetland. As for breeding birds, strictly piscivorous species increased greatly as a result of the increased availability of fish, but also due to the appearance of many suitable night roosting sites (flooded trees) and to the great increase in the area of open water greater than 2 m deep. Today, Kerkini has become the most important breeding site in Greece for a majority of colonial waterbirds. In contrast, wintering shorebirds practically disappeared. The many changes recorded in the status of breeding and wintering birds at Kerkini can mostly be explained by the changes that occurred in the functioning of the ecosystem and in the habitat structure following the inauguration of the new hydrological regime. These changes did not all occur at the same time: some were immediate and others required a delay before they could be detected.     

抗震性能设计的发展

现行建筑抗震设计规范是以保证人的生命安全为基本目标进行抗震设防的,即在小震和中等强度地震作用下控制结构的损伤发展,而在罕遇地震作用下防止结构倒塌.然而,据此设计的建筑由地震所造成的使用功能丧失而震后恢复重建所需费用或所花费的时间可能大大超过社会和业主所能承受的限度.因此,未来建筑在多级水准设防地震下的设计需达到多级性能水准已形成共识.基于性能的抗震设计将发展形成未来抗震设计规范.综述了基于性能的抗震设计的最新发展状况,提出了它存在的问题及进一步发展的趋势.     

基于健康风险的三氯杀螨醇生产设备表面污染物筛选值推算的初步研究

运用确定性和概率性人体健康风险评估的方法,推算一般工业暴露情景和拆卸清理暴露情景下三氯杀螨醇生产设备表面污染物的筛选值.结果表明:p,p'-滴滴涕、p,p'-滴滴滴和p,p'-滴滴依基于确定性风险评估的设备表面筛选值在一般工业暴露情景下分别为0.224 mg/m2、0.214 mg/m2和0.151 mg/m2,在拆卸...     

Quality of Shallow Groundwater and Drainage Water in Irrigated Agricultural Lands in A Mediterranean Coastal Region of Turkey

Spatial and seasonal differences in water quality of drainage water and unconfined shallow groundwater were related to irrigation in Samandağ, a Mediterranean coastal region. Eighteen wells, seven drainage points and Orontes River were monitored bimonthly for one year for analyses of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cations (Na, K, Ca + Mg) and anions (CO₃, HCO₃, Cl and SO₄). Agricultural irrigation using saline groundwater decreased water quality of Orontes River during the irrigation season (May to September) more than during the non-irrigation season (October to April). Seasonal fluctuations in water quality of shallow groundwater were greater during the irrigation season than the non-irrigation season in the study area. Excessive use of groundwater resulted in a decline in the water table levels in the irrigation season. Water table level rose up to the soil surface in areas where there was a lack of drainage or poor drainage, due to the impact of precipitation in the winter. SAR and pH values of drainage water increased in the irrigation season, while the other properties of drainage water decreased. Irrigation water quality of Orontes River was classified as C₃S₁ in both seasons. Irrigation water quality of shallow groundwater and drainage water varied from C₂S₁ to C₄S₂ in one year. Drainage and well waters were found to be different on yearly basis in terms of Na, SAR (p<0.01) and Ca + Mg concentrations (p<0.001). Ca + Mg concentrations for both sources were different for all sampling dates (p<0.001).