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141.
Worldwide, the ecological condition of streams and rivers has been impaired by agricultural practices such as broadscale modification of catchments, high nutrient and sediment inputs, loss of riparian vegetation, and altered hydrology. Typical responses include channel incision, excessive sedimentation, declining water quality, and loss of in-stream habitat complexity and biodiversity. We review these impacts, focusing on the potential benefits and limitations of wood reintroduction as a transitional rehabilitation technique in these agricultural landscapes using Australian examples. In streams, wood plays key roles in shaping velocity and sedimentation profiles, forming pools, and strengthening banks. In the simplified channels typical of many agricultural streams, wood provides habitat for fauna, substrate for biofilms, and refuge from predators and flow extremes, and enhances in-stream diversity of fish and macroinvertebrates.Most previous restoration studies involving wood reintroduction have been in forested landscapes, but some results might be extrapolated to agricultural streams. In these studies, wood enhanced diversity of fish and macroinvertebrates, increased storage of organic material and sediment, and improved bed and bank stability. Failure to meet restoration objectives appeared most likely where channel incision was severe and in highly degraded environments. Methods for wood reintroduction have logistical advantages over many other restoration techniques, being relatively low cost and low maintenance. Wood reintroduction is a viable transitional restoration technique for agricultural landscapes likely to rapidly improve stream condition if sources of colonists are viable and water quality is suitable.  相似文献   
142.
Actor-level data on large-scale commercial agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. The peculiar choice of transnational investing in African land has, therefore, been subject to conjecture. Addressing this gap, we reconstructed the underlying logics of investment location choices in a Bayesian network, using firm- and actor-level interview and spatial data from 37 transnational agriculture and forestry investments across 121 sites in Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. We distinguish four investment locations across gradients of resource frontiers and agglomeration economies to derive the preferred locations of different investors with varied skillsets and market reach (i.e., track record). In contrast to newcomers, investors with extensive track records are more likely to expand the land use frontier, but they are also likely to survive the high transaction costs of the pre-commercial frontier. We highlight key comparative advantages of Southern and Eastern African frontiers and map the most probable categories of investment locations.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01682-z.  相似文献   
143.
采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.  相似文献   
144.
污水处理厂的污泥农用问题   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
汪凤海 《上海环境科学》1993,12(7):28-31,37
污水处理过程产出大量污泥。将这类污泥用作农业有机肥料是一个很有前景的实践。但这种利用却因为污泥中含有多种重金属和病源体而受到很大限制。文章概述了有关污泥中重金属及病源体的研究状况。  相似文献   
145.
This paper reports the results of a study aimed at the evaluation of the hazard level of farming activities in the province of Cremona, Italy, with particular reference to groundwater. The applied methodology employs a parametric approach based on the definition of potential hazard indexes (nonpoint-source agricultural hazard indexes, NPSAHI). Two categories of parameters were considered: the hazard factors (HF), which represent all farming activities that cause or might cause an impact on groundwater (use of fertilizers and pesticides, application of livestock and poultry manure, food industry wastewater, and urban sludge), and the control factors (CF), which adapt the hazard factor to the characteristics of the site (geographical location, slope, agronomic practices, and type of irrigation). The hazard index (HI) can be calculated multiplying the hazard factors by the control factors and, finally, the NPSAHI are obtained dividing HI into classes on a percentile basis using a scale ranging from 1 to 10. Organization, processing, and display of all data layers were performed using the geographical information system (GIS) ArcView and its Spatial Analyst extension. Results show that the potential hazard of groundwater pollution by farming activities in the province of Cremona falls mainly in the fifth class (very low hazard).  相似文献   
146.
向晶  唐亚 《四川环境》2006,25(1):31-36
中国农业产业结构的调整,是中国改革开放、市场化发展的集中体现。本文以汉源地区为例,总结分析了典型的干旱河谷地带农业产业结构的调整情况,不仅促进了当地农村发展方式的根本转变、改善了农村经济、提高了农民收入,同时还解决了当地剩余劳动力的就地消化问题。本文指出了农业产业结构的调整可能对当地生态环境造成的影响,其中诸如不舍理用药用肥造成的水污染、土壤和农产品的硝酸盐污染以及土壤退化、大气污染等环境问题。需要在实践中更加审慎地调整农业产业结构。  相似文献   
147.
Analysing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in conservation landscapes can provide crucial information for conservation management. While rates of forest loss can be measured through remote sensing, on the ground information is needed to confirm the commodities and actors behind deforestation. We administered a questionnaire to Wildlife Conservation Society’s landscape managers to assess the deforestation drivers in 28 tropical conservation landscapes. Commercial and subsistence agriculture were the main drivers of deforestation, followed by settlement expansion and infrastructure development. Rice, rubber, cassava and maize were the crops most frequently cited as drivers of deforestation in these emblematic conservation landscapes. Landscape managers expected deforestation trends to continue at similar or greater magnitude in the future, calling for urgent measures to mitigate these trends.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01325-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
148.
A modified Hartmann dust explosion tube was employed to determine the Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC) and the flame speed for three Pakistani agricultural wastes: bagasse, rice husk and wheat straw. Agricultural biomass had a higher ash content than for woody biomass and this influenced the MEC. The dispersion, ignition and MEC were influenced by the particle size distribution, as also demonstrated by high speed video. There was a strong linear correlation between the MEC and the sum of the ash and moisture content of these and other biomasses, indicating that this inert mass in the particles acted to reduce the flame temperature and reduce the lean flammability limit or MEC. Comparison of the results was made with non-agricultural waste pulverized biomass. Peak flame speeds were approximately 2.5 m/s. The lean limits for these pulverised agricultural waste biomasses were comparable to that of pulverised wood but were much leaner than those for coal and hydrocarbon fuels, which indicate that these biomasses are highly reactive.  相似文献   
149.
消毒副产物生成的温度影响和动力学模型   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
在水厂和供水管网中,加氯消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成浓度会随着季节转换和水温变化而出现明显波动.为了探究不同温度条件下DBP生成浓度的变化规律,本研究利用腐殖酸(HA)作为有机前体物进行加氯消毒,参照DBP统一生成条件(uniform formation condition,UFC),在不同水温下监测DBP[包括三卤甲烷(THM)和卤乙酸(HAA)]的生成浓度,并从动力学角度对该生成反应的机制做出分析,进而建立初步的浓度预测模型.结果表明,对于检测到的3种典型DBPs[三氯甲烷(CHCl3)、二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)],水温升高均能够明显提高其生成速率和最大生成浓度,其中后者随着温度的升高近似呈指数增长(R2>0.90).根据一级反应动力学模型对各组温度条件下的DBP实测值进行拟合,得到了较好的相关性(R2>0.94).为了进一步验证该动力学模型的准确性和可靠性,在20℃和30℃条件下分别采用该模型对DBP的实际生成浓度进行预测,并与实测值进行比较,均得到了良好的预测结果.为定量研究温度对DBP生成速率的影响规律,利用阿伦尼乌斯公式计算得到CHCl3、DCAA和TCAA的表观反应活化能分别为22.3、25.5和40.8 kJ.mol-1.  相似文献   
150.
通过对加速溶剂萃取、平行蒸发及净化方法等环节的优化实验,建立了加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中23种有机氯农药的检测方法。结果表明,方法检出限为0.0034~0.0052 mg/kg;对化合物质量分数为0.25 mg/kg的土壤加标样品进行平行实验,回收率为82.0%~93.7%;测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤8.7%。对土壤有证标准质控样品进行分析,测定结果均在验收范围之内。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度较高,样品净化效果较好,能够满足农用地土壤中有机氯农药残留痕量分析的要求。  相似文献   
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