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81.
82.
Ghosh R Joad J Benes I Dostal M Sram RJ Hertz-Picciotto I 《Environment international》2012,39(1):96-102
Acute respiratory infections are common in children below 5 years and recent studies suggest a possible link with air pollution. In this study, we investigated the association between ambient nitrogen oxides (NOx) and bronchitis or upper airway inflammation.This longitudinal study was conducted in Teplice and Prachatice districts, Czech Republic. Children were followed from birth to 4.5 years of age. Data were compiled from medical records at delivery and at follow up, and from self-administered questionnaires from the same two time points. Air pollution monitoring data were used to estimate exposure over five different averaging periods ranging from three to 45 days prior to an episode. To quantify the association between exposure and outcome, while accounting for repeated measure correlation we conducted logistic regression analysis using generalized estimating equations.During the first 2 years of life, the adjusted rate ratio for bronchitis associated with interquartile increase in the 30-day average NOx was 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 1.61] and for two to 4.5 year olds, it was 1.23 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.49). The 14-day exposure also had stable association across both age groups: below 2 years it was 1.25 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.47) and for two to 4.5 years it was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.39). The association between bronchitis and NOx increased with child's age in the under 2 years group, which is a relatively novel finding.The results demonstrate an association between NOx and respiratory infections that are sufficiently severe to come to medical attention. The evidence, if causal, can be of public health concern because acute respiratory illnesses are common in preschool children. 相似文献
83.
Vlachokostas Ch Achillas Ch Michailidou AV Moussiopoulos N 《Environment international》2012,39(1):8-18
This study presents a methodological scheme developed to provide a combined air and noise pollution exposure assessment based on measurements from personal portable monitors. Provided that air and noise pollution are considered in a co-exposure approach, they represent a significant environmental hazard to public health. The methodology is demonstrated for the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The results of an extensive field campaign are presented and the variations in personal exposure between modes of transport, routes, streets and transport microenvironments are evaluated. Air pollution and noise measurements were performed simultaneously along several commuting routes, during the morning and evening rush hours. Combined exposure to environmental pollutants is highlighted based on the Combined Exposure Factor (CEF) and Combined Dose and Exposure Factor (CDEF). The CDEF takes into account the potential relative uptake of each pollutant by considering the physical activities of each citizen. Rather than viewing environmental pollutants separately for planning and environmental sustainability considerations, the possibility of an easy-to-comprehend co-exposure approach based on these two indices is demonstrated. Furthermore, they provide for the first time a combined exposure assessment to these environmental pollutants for Thessaloniki and in this sense they could be of importance for local public authorities and decision makers. A considerable environmental burden for the citizens of Thessaloniki, especially for VOCs and noise pollution levels is observed. The material herein points out the importance of measuring public health stressors and the necessity of considering urban environmental pollution in a holistic way. 相似文献
84.
J.B. Mann J.J. Freal H.F. Enos J.X. Danauskas 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):529-543
Abstract EDB (ethylene dibromide) is of regulatory interest because it has cancer inducing properties and is a causative agent of aspermia. Previously evaluated methodology was used to determine the extent of exposure of workers to EDB in citrus fumigation stations and a warehouse used as a holding site before shipment. The purpose of this effort was to carry out environmental sampling, and to determine the exposure level of workers and related administrative personnel at two citrus fumigation centers and at a warehouse 相似文献
85.
Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Escobedo FJ Wagner JE Nowak DJ De la Maza CL Rodriguez M Crane DE 《Journal of environmental management》2008,86(1):148-157
Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM(10) removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM(10) removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM(10) was a cost-effective policy for abating PM(10) based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM(10) in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures. 相似文献
86.
G. Hugh Sidaway 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):307-314
Exposure of small laboratory animals to power-frequency high-voltage electric fields was reported to have endocrinological
effects, including changes in pineal melatonin levels. It has been assumed that these results are directly attributable to
electric-field effects, but this article suggests that air ionization, produced by corona activity at the animals’ body surfaces,
may have been biologically active and could be relevant to the interpretation of some epidemiological and other studies. Although
presently a matter of dispute, there is evidence that atmospheric ionization may be biologically active and could provide
an alternative explanation for at least some apparent electromagnetic field interactions with biological subjects. Consideration
of the electricity utilization environment as a whole, rather than one selected component, could allow the introduction of
lower-cost, precautionary and putative hazard remediation measures. 相似文献
87.
It is well established that trees help to reduce air pollution, and there is a growing impetus for green belt expansion in urban areas. Identification of suitable plant species for green belts is very important. In the present study, the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of many plant species has been evaluated by analyzing important biochemical parameters. The Anticipated Performance Index (API) of these plant species was also calculated by considering their APTI values together with other socio-economic and biological parameters. Based on these two indices, the most suitable plant species for green belt development in urban areas were identified and recommended for long-term air pollution management. 相似文献
88.
We demonstrate an approach for evaluating the level of protection attained using a variety of forms and levels of past, current,
and proposed Air Quality Standards (AQSs). The U.S. Clean Air Act requires the establishment of ambient air quality standards
to protect health and public welfare. However, determination of attainment of these standards is based on ambient pollutant
concentrations rather than prevention of adverse effects. To determine if a given AQS protected against adverse effects on
vegetation, hourly ozone concentrations were adjusted to create exposure levels that “just attain” a given standard. These
exposures were used in combination with a physiologically-based tree growth model to account for the interactions of climate
and ozone. In the evaluation, we used ozone concentrations from two 6-year time periods from the San Bernardino Mountains
in California. There were clear differences in the level of vegetation protection achieved with the various AQSs. Based on
modeled plant growth, the most effective standards were the California 8-hr average maximum of 70 ppb and a seasonal, cumulative,
concentration-weighted index (SUM06), which if attained, resulted in annual growth reductions of 1% or less. Least effective
was the 1-hr maximum of 120 ppb which resulted in a 7% annual reduction. We conclude that combining climate, exposure scenarios,
and a process-based plant growth simulator was a useful approach for evaluating effectiveness of current or proposed air quality
standards, or evaluating the form and/or level of a standard based on preventing adverse growth effects. 相似文献
89.
Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare
of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park,
but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of
the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with
similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent
alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow
vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs
were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile
traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone
produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide. 相似文献
90.