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121.
Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Escobedo FJ Wagner JE Nowak DJ De la Maza CL Rodriguez M Crane DE 《Journal of environmental management》2008,86(1):148-157
Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM(10) removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM(10) removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM(10) was a cost-effective policy for abating PM(10) based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM(10) in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures. 相似文献
122.
Robins L 《Environmental management》2008,42(5):833-846
This paper aims to give practical meaning to ‘capacity building’ through (a) identifying a suite of practical measures, such
as mentoring or best practice guidelines, that have been shown to or are considered to build human, social, institutional,
and economic capital; (b) placing these measures within a broader systems framework; and (c) exploring stakeholder feedback
on specific measures to inform framework implementation. The 29 measures described provide actors, whether government or nongovernment,
with a suite of practical investment choices for building capacity. These measures are then clustered into eight groups according
to their primary purpose and placed within a systems framework. The framework provides a tool for actors with responsibilities
for or an interest in capacity building to inform more holistic and strategic targeting of effort and investment. Stakeholder
feedback gathered through surveys and workshops is subsequently reported to further inform implementation of specific measures
within the framework’s eight groupings. The framework presented may be built upon through the identification and inclusion
of further capacity building measures. The research is conducted within the context of decentralized governance arrangements
for natural resource management (NRM), with specific focus on Australia’s recently formalized 56 NRM regions and their community-based
governing boards as an informative arena of learning. Application of the framework is explored in the Australian setting through
the identification and comparison of measures supported and most preferred by four major stakeholder groups, namely board
members, regional NRM organization staff, policy/research interests, and Indigenous interests. The research also examines
stakeholder perceptions of capacity issues, and whether these issues are likely to be addressed through implementing their
preferred measures.
相似文献
Lisa RobinsEmail: |
123.
G. Hugh Sidaway 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):307-314
Exposure of small laboratory animals to power-frequency high-voltage electric fields was reported to have endocrinological
effects, including changes in pineal melatonin levels. It has been assumed that these results are directly attributable to
electric-field effects, but this article suggests that air ionization, produced by corona activity at the animals’ body surfaces,
may have been biologically active and could be relevant to the interpretation of some epidemiological and other studies. Although
presently a matter of dispute, there is evidence that atmospheric ionization may be biologically active and could provide
an alternative explanation for at least some apparent electromagnetic field interactions with biological subjects. Consideration
of the electricity utilization environment as a whole, rather than one selected component, could allow the introduction of
lower-cost, precautionary and putative hazard remediation measures. 相似文献
124.
It is well established that trees help to reduce air pollution, and there is a growing impetus for green belt expansion in urban areas. Identification of suitable plant species for green belts is very important. In the present study, the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of many plant species has been evaluated by analyzing important biochemical parameters. The Anticipated Performance Index (API) of these plant species was also calculated by considering their APTI values together with other socio-economic and biological parameters. Based on these two indices, the most suitable plant species for green belt development in urban areas were identified and recommended for long-term air pollution management. 相似文献
125.
We demonstrate an approach for evaluating the level of protection attained using a variety of forms and levels of past, current,
and proposed Air Quality Standards (AQSs). The U.S. Clean Air Act requires the establishment of ambient air quality standards
to protect health and public welfare. However, determination of attainment of these standards is based on ambient pollutant
concentrations rather than prevention of adverse effects. To determine if a given AQS protected against adverse effects on
vegetation, hourly ozone concentrations were adjusted to create exposure levels that “just attain” a given standard. These
exposures were used in combination with a physiologically-based tree growth model to account for the interactions of climate
and ozone. In the evaluation, we used ozone concentrations from two 6-year time periods from the San Bernardino Mountains
in California. There were clear differences in the level of vegetation protection achieved with the various AQSs. Based on
modeled plant growth, the most effective standards were the California 8-hr average maximum of 70 ppb and a seasonal, cumulative,
concentration-weighted index (SUM06), which if attained, resulted in annual growth reductions of 1% or less. Least effective
was the 1-hr maximum of 120 ppb which resulted in a 7% annual reduction. We conclude that combining climate, exposure scenarios,
and a process-based plant growth simulator was a useful approach for evaluating effectiveness of current or proposed air quality
standards, or evaluating the form and/or level of a standard based on preventing adverse growth effects. 相似文献
126.
Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare
of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park,
but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of
the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with
similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent
alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow
vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs
were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile
traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone
produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide. 相似文献
127.
128.
介绍了四川省空气质量监测工作的现状和存在的问题,提出了建设四川省空气自动监测数据采集系统的技术路线,建设完成了全省空气监测数据的统一采集。 相似文献
129.
In this study, the relation between sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations periodically measured in the city of Afyon’s atmosphere with meteorological factors
such as precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and inversion were investigated. The mean values of SO2 and PM concentrations measured during the winter months of October–March 1990–1999 were correlated with the meteorological
parameters of the same period. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the contribution of
meteorological variables. The statistical results show that the pollutants, i.e., SO2 and PM are dependent upon humidity, temperature, and inversion at the 1% significance level; while the dependence of both
pollutants with temperature is negative when those of humidity and inversion are positive. Two models in which temperature
and inversion are dependent with multiple variables are recommended for predicting the contribution of meteorological parameters
on SO2 and PM. In addition, the relationship between humidity, temperature, and inversion with pollutants is also determined using
nonlinear (polynomial) models. 相似文献
130.
利用VOCs在线监测技术,对2010年宁波市北仑区空气内的VOCs的浓度、组成、变化规律及来源进行分析研究。结果表明,在北仑区域内的16种VOCs中,苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯和己烷的比例占到了总数的82.9%,且该5种有机物浓度存在较为典型的季节性变化规律和日变化规律;采用CMD模型法对VOCs的来源进行解析后发现,北仑区域内的VOCs主要来源于汽车尾气、汽油蒸气和石油液化气,而且汽车尾气的贡献值要比一些大城市低得多,且夏季和冬季的成分源贡献率存在明显差异。 相似文献