空气污染天气过程与气象要素之间的关联性分析

随着经济和社会的不断发展,地球的环境正在遭受着严重的侵害,关于环境的问题也日益显现出来,比如全球变暖、雾霾等现象。本文分析了空气污染的因素、气象要素对空气质量的影响,并提出了防治空气污染的对策。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

空气污染指数模式的改进

我国目前以空气污染指数API报告各城市的环境空气质量。由于我国各地环境空气质量状况差异很大,该方法在报告城市空气质量时具有较大的片面性,不能综合反应污染状况。本文针对现行的API指数法进行了模式推算和改进,新的计算模式可更客观全面地反映城市空气质量。     

Incompatible Land Uses and the Topology of Cumulative Risk

The extensive literature on environmental justice has, by now, well defined the essential ingredients of cumulative risk, namely, incompatible land uses and vulnerability. Most problematic is the case when risk is produced by a large aggregation of small sources of air toxics. In this article, we test these notions in an area of Southern California, Southeast Los Angeles (SELA), which has come to be known as Asthmatown. Developing a rapid risk mapping protocol, we scan the neighborhood for small potential sources of air toxics and find, literally, hundreds of small point sources within a 2-mile radius, interspersed with residences. We also map the estimated cancer risks and noncancer hazard indices across the landscape. We find that, indeed, such large aggregations of even small, nondominant sources of air toxics can produce markedly elevated levels of risk. In this study, the risk profiles show additional cancer risks of up to 800 in a million and noncancer hazard indices of up to 200 in SELA due to the agglomeration of small point sources. This is significant (for example, estimates of the average regional point-source-related cancer risk range from 125 to 200 in a million). Most importantly, if we were to talk about the risk contour as if they were geological structures, we would observe not only a handful of distinct peaks, but a general “mountain range” running all throughout the study area, which underscores the ubiquity of risk in SELA. Just as cumulative risk has deeply embedded itself into the fabric of the place, so, too, must intervention seek to embed strategies into the institutions and practices of SELA. This has implications for advocacy, as seen in a recently initiated participatory action research project aimed at building health research capacities into the community in keeping with an ethic of care.     

离子色谱法测定空气中乙酸和溴化氢

用同一吸收液采集、离子色谱法测定空气中的乙酸和溴化氢,采样体积为60 L时,乙酸和溴化氢的检出限分别为0.03 mg/m3和0.11 mg/m3,相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和1.7%,实际样品的加标回收率分别为90.1%～102%和97.6%～100%.     

DOAS环境空气质量自动化监测系统运行维护

介绍了DOAS环境空气质量自动化监测系统的性能和特征,指出该系统在日常运行时,需要进行预防性定期例行维护和现场故障排除,总结分析了该系统运行维护的方法,并对常见故障作了剖析.     

铁路车站X射线行李包检查系统放射防护情况调查

为调查铁路车站X射线行李包检查系统放射防护水平,2017年至2019年对6个铁路车站3种型号检测系统的行李包入口和出口,系统上盖板、左侧、右侧5个位置的空气比释动能率进行620台次检测.结果显示,620台次检测的空气比释动能率检查结果均合格,不同型号、不同检测位置空气比释动能率有统计学差异,其中C型5个检测位置的空气比...     

沈阳地区冬季空气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析

文章利用2016～2017年冬季沈阳地区气象数据和环境空气污染物浓度数据,综合分析沈阳地区冬季环境空气污染特征,分析颗粒物输送路径以及潜在源区贡献情况.结果表明,沈阳地区冬季污染时段内PM2.5是主要污染物,PM2.5平均浓度达到149μg/m3,最大值达到273 μg/m3.沈阳地区环境空气颗粒物除来源于本地排放外,...     

巢湖污染现状与水质恢复措施

巢湖是属于国家"三河三湖"重点水污染防治流域之一。近年来,湖体营养过程加剧,生态环境受到明显损害,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。巢湖湖区水中高锰酸钾、总氮、总磷含量分别为4.9、2.48、0.227mg/L,水质类别为劣ⅴ类(重度污染);表层沉积物中总氮、总磷含量平均值为1065、587 mg/kg。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用,必须加快水污染综合治理。文章分析了巢湖污染现状,结合实际情况提出了治理对策。