1989~2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布及风险评价

通过对1989~2010年广东沿岸15个采样点牡蛎体内Pb含量的监测和有关历史资料,分析了粤东、珠江口和粤西沿岸海域牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布特征,并采用单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数法(NCHI)评价了Pb的食用风险.结果表明,广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的浓度范围为N.D.~3.65mg/kg,总体平均值为0.41mg/kg,从总体看其出现频数呈偏正态分布.牡蛎体内Pb的年际变化呈现逐渐降低的趋势,从2001年后波动趋于平缓并有微弱的上升;其空间分布特征表现为珠江口>粤西3粤东的变化规律,具体表现为粤东和粤西牡蛎体内Pb浓度随时间延长均表现为明显的下降趋势,珠江口牡蛎体内Pb浓度从2006~2010年开始有明显的下降.单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,广东沿岸牡蛎体内Pb的浓度未产生明显污染,对人体不具有非致癌性风险.     

Source characterisation and mid-term spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in molluscs along the Basque coast (northern Spain)

The variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured in the soft tissues of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are investigated. Samples were collected from estuarine waters within the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay), between 2003 and 2011. PAH bioaccumulation showed some seasonality and significant differences were observed between cold (autumn–winter) and warm (spring–summer) seasons. Sites located within the ports of Bilbao and Pasaia showed the highest PAH concentrations in molluscs, and the highest percentages of samples above the established Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Assessment Criteria. Probably due to human activities carried out in the area, no clear trends were observed, between 2003 and 2011, for the autumn data. Since the Basque coast is an area with high population density and industrial activity, the congener profiles (which reveal the predominance of tetra-aromatics) and the diagnostic ratios identified urban/industrial combustion processes as the main PAH sources. However, natural and petrogenic sources cannot be disregarded.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster,Crassostrea Gigas,and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground,Taiwan

Abstract

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^?1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^?1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^?1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

红树种植–养殖耦合系统牡蛎石油烃含量及红树净化效果

为减少滩涂养殖中的石油烃污染危害、提高水产品的品质,以珠江口滩涂红树林种植–养殖系统耦验示范研究基地A、B两系统的7个红树种植–养殖塘[包括桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的单种或组合种植]为对象,采用荧光分光光度法监测了水体、底质及吊养的近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)肉质的石油烃含量.结果表明,牡蛎体内石油烃含量在11.10~29.3 mg/kg之间;与水体中石油烃含量呈正相关(r=0.88),牡蛎能很好地指示水体水质状况.单种或组合种植秋茄、桐花树、木榄、红海榄4种红树植物能有效降低水体石油烃含量,与对照相比降幅为50%~80%;使牡蛎的石油烃含量受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,红树种植塘牡蛎石油烃含量降幅在20%~60%不等.木榄和桐花树种植塘中,牡蛎中石油烃平均含量分别为11.20 mg/kg、14.13 mg/kg,能达到无公害水产品标准.因此红树种植–养殖塘具有"种植岛基质–红树植物–微生物"的协同效应,通过物理、化学和生物的共同作用降低了水体石油烃的含量,从而提高了养殖生物的品质.     

高含硫气田集气站设备定量风险评价

为预防高含硫天然气泄漏事故和制定设备检测策略,对集气站设备进行定量风险评价。利用DNV Leak数据库得到集气站关键设备的同类失效频率,利用API 581标准对同类失效频率修正得到失效频率。用PHAST软件计算4种典型泄漏孔尺寸的燃烧爆炸和毒性的影响区域范围,确定设备的燃烧爆炸风险和毒性风险。结果表明,利用该方法能够确定设备风险大小顺序。     

废弃牡蛎壳生产活性钙

利用废弃的牡蛎壳为原料。采用高温电解煅烧、微粒子化及碳酸化等特殊工艺。得到可供食品用的钙强化剂或药品用的原料药。该方法不但可以充分利用资源。变废为宝。而且选用的工艺路线也体现了清洁生产的要求。在降低设备投入和能耗的同时。还消除了三废的排放，适合工业化生产。     

THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT: An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.     

ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 M_w 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.     

美国引导企业合规的经验及启示

美国环境保护署(EPA)在引导企业主动守法上经验丰富。在顶层设计上,EPA的国家合规计划(NCIs)明确要求鼓励企业守法并给予帮助,在《清洁空气法》《小企业监管和执法公平法案》等相关法律中要求设立技术和环境合规协助项目,并通过成立合规协助中心或专家团队等方式为企业提供技术咨询支持。在鼓励企业自主守法方面,制定了国家环境表现跟踪计划(ENPT)、环境审计自我报告制度,并通过适当的激励措施鼓励企业自主守法。在通过社会监督引导企业环境守法方面,政府及时公开执法与守法历史在线数据库、有毒物质释放清单,并要求上市公司在公开的信息中包含环境财务事项信息。美国引导企业合规的模式与经验,对于我国深化环境执法改革,落实企业治污的主体责任,打赢打好污染防治攻坚战有重要的参考价值。