牡蛎壳粉末投加UASB反应器的运行特性

采用牡蛎壳粉末作为UASB反应器的辅助介质,探讨了牡蛎壳钙盐的溶出特性,系统考察了运行期中牡蛎壳粉末添加方式、进水有机负荷、水力停留时间等因素对反应器出水COD、碱度与pH的影响,分析了污泥比产甲烷活性变化。结果表明,当初始pH从5到9变化时,牡蛎壳粉末溶出Ca2+浓度为40~65 mg/L,平衡pH稳定在7.7~8.0;当进水COD负荷从3.4 kg/(m3·d)逐渐增至7.0 kg/(m3·d)、牡蛎壳粉末投加量从1.5 g/d逐渐增至3.2 g/d时,与未投加的反应器相比,投加牡蛎壳粉末反应器的启动周期缩短了10%左右,COD去除率与比产甲烷活性分别提高了13.3%和22%。投加牡蛎壳粉末可有效提供碱度,加快污泥的颗粒化进程。     

巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对燃煤电厂脱硫海水中汞的生物累积

研究了巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对配备烟气海水脱硫装置电厂的脱硫海水中汞(Hg)的生物累积.在电厂的排水口(实验点)和参考点分别吊养牡蛎群,定期采集样品,测定海水中的Hg浓度和牡蛎的Hg含量(均以干重计).实验点和参考点海水中的总汞(THg)浓度分别为(120.6±55.5)ng.L-1(n=5)和(2.7±1.0)ng.L-1(n=5),甲基汞(MeHg)的浓度分别为(0.30±0.44)ng.L-1(n=5)和(0.28±0.31)ng.L-1(n=5).在7 d内,实验点牡蛎体内THg含量从(138.3±14.3)ng.g-1(n=6)迅速增加到(3 012±289)ng.g-1(n=6),且在后来的34 d内,一直保持在2 935～4 490 ng.g-1的高含量水平;而参考点牡蛎对THg未见明显累积,为60.7～137.5 ng.g-1之间.暴露期间实验点牡蛎体内MeHg的含量未发生显著变化,保持在55.4～73.1 ng.g-1之间.而参考点牡蛎MeHg含量呈略微下降的趋势,但变化幅度不大,在15.6～55.6 ng.g-1之间.本研究表明,燃煤电厂排放的脱硫海水中的THg可被牡蛎迅速累积至很高的含量水平,有不容忽视的潜在风险.脱硫海水中MeHg的浓度很低,其在牡蛎体内未见明显累积;在本研究的条件下,未观测到牡蛎自身合成MeHg或将无机汞转化为MeHg.     

重金属在牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)中的生物积累及其影响因素的研究

牡蛎软体、贝壳和沉积物中Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ等重金属元素被同步分析研究．研究结果表明，重金属在牡蛎中的生物积累是牡蛎自身的新陈代谢、重金属元素的地球化学性质和环境诸因素综合影响的结果，其中牡蛎的生理作用对重金属在软体中的积累所产生的影响尤为重要，而贝壳中重金属的积累对来自环境的影响更为敏感．     

牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖去除水中活性红152

以牡蛎壳(OS)为原料制备一种新型牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖(CCOS)吸附剂,并利用电镜扫描(SEM)、红外(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及热重(TG)分析等方法对吸附剂样品进行表征.同时,研究了吸附剂对活性红152(RR152)的吸附性能,考察了壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、活性红152起始浓度、吸附时间和温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比为0.08,pH值为2时,活性红152的去除率达最大值;活性红152的去除率随着吸附剂用量的增加而增大,当吸附剂用量为0.3g时,活性红152的去除率达83.3%.吸附容量也随着起始浓度的增加而增大,并在150min达到吸附平衡.运用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述.吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程,最大吸附容量在298.15、303.15、308.15和318.15K下分别为135.14、142.86、144.92、149.25mg·g-1.在热力学研究中,ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0、ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程.解吸实验表明,吸附剂用碱液处理再生后,可循环使用4次.     

海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价

在分析海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区海域生态系统现状及特点基础上,构建了包含环境、结构、稳定性3个方面24个指标的海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价指标体系,并采用熵权综合指数模型和模糊综合评价模型对保护区的生态系统健康状况进行评价及对比分析。熵权综合指数法评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康趋向亚健康的状态;熵权模糊综合模型评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康状态。由于模糊综合评价模型能反映保护区各生态要素的健康状况,其评价结论更趋近于保护区客观现状,更适用于海洋保护区健康评价。     

Impact of Channelization on Oyster Production: A Hydrodynamic-Oyster Population Model for Galveston Bay, Texas

A hydrodynamic-oyster population dynamics model was developed to assess the effect of a change in ship channel configuration under different freshwater inflow regimes and different future hydrologies on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations in Galveston Bay, Texas. The population dynamics model includes the effects of environmental conditions, predators, and the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus on oyster populations. The hydrodynamic model includes the effects of wind stress, river runoff, tides, and oceanic exchange on the circulation of the Bay. Simulations were run for low, mean, and high freshwater inflow conditions under the present (1993) hydrology and predicted hydrologies for 2024 and 2049 that include anticipated water diversion projects to satisfy the freshwater demands of population growth in metropolitan Houston, Texas. Simulation results show that oyster biomass was predicted to increase after enlargement of the ship channel. Oyster biomass is expected to increase on about 53% of total reef acreage when averaged over a 50-yr time span. Oyster reef acreage characterized by increased biomass after channel enlargement increases moderately under the present hydrology and the 2049 hydrology, but decreases slightly in 2024. Lower biomass in 2024 is due to reduced freshwater inflow and increased saltwater intrusion that pushes the optimal areas for oyster growth somewhat farther upbay than in 2049. Declines in oyster biomass, noted in most simulations in downbay reaches, were more than balanced by increased oyster biomass upbay. The differential between upbay and downbay reefs can be explained by an increase in mortality from Perkinsus marinus downbay and saltwater intrusion upbay that expands the area characterized by moderate salinities. The 20th century history of Galveston Bay is one of expansion of isohaline structure and increased oyster production as a result of anthropogenic modification of bay physiography. The salinity gradient of the 1990s, however, is not in equilibrium with the distribution of hard substrate required for oyster growth, that reflects an earlier equilibrium with the pre-1900s hydrodynamics. Increased saltwater intrusion is normally disadvantageous to oyster populations; but, in this case, channel enlargement further expands the salinity gradient upbay and outward (east and west) from the channel. As a result, in most years, oyster biomass is increased because moderate salinities cover more of the pre-1900s reef tracts where hard substrate is plentiful.     

美国自助加油安全法规浅析及国内现状分析

回顾了自助加油的发展历程,对美国的自助加油安全法规进行了分析,针对目前我国自助加油存在的问题,提出了建议。     

Modeling Abundance Index Data from Anuran Calling Surveys

Abstract:  Evaluation of anuran populations is commonly based on calling surveys that report categorical abundance index data. I present a statistical model for abundance index data that are observations representing ordered abundance classes (e.g., none, some, many). The proposed model provides a formal treatment of detection probability, factors that affect detection, and variation in abundance. The model can be viewed as a generalization of that proposed by MacKenzie et al. (2002) for estimating site-occupancy rates in that it allows for more than two abundance classes. Because the abundance distribution is characterized by multiple abundance classes, it may be more sensitive to subtle changes in the underlying abundance that may go undetected with simple occupancy estimates under which sites are characterized merely as occupied or not. The method is most immediately applicable to surveys of anurans in which index data related to the intensity of calling activity are collected. I applied the proposed method to calling index data from the green frog (  Rana clamitans ) collected as part of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program. The best model indicated considerable variation in detectability over time and in response to temperature. The resulting adjusted (for detectability) abundance-state distribution demonstrates the negative bias in abundance state obtained from simplistic summaries of calling index data that disregard these sources of variation in detectability.     

NEW ENGLAND DROUGHT AND RELATIONS WITH LARGE SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS1

ABSTRACT: To provide a basis for regional hydroclimatic forecasting, New England (NE) precipitation and streamflow are compared with indices for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Significant positive correlations are found between the NAO index and monthly streamflow at western inland locations, with the strongest seasonal correlations occurring in winter. Smoothed records for the winter NAO and winter streamflow are highly correlated at some sites, suggesting that interrelationships are most significant in the low frequency spectrum. However, correlations between the NAO and precipitation are not significant, so further examination of other factors is needed to explain the relationship between the NAO and streamflow. NAO related regional air temperature, sea surface temperature (SST), storm tracking, and snowfall variability are possible mechanisms for the observed teleconnection. Exceptionally cool regional air temperatures, and SSTs, and unique regional storm track patterns characterized NE's climate during the famous 1960s drought, suggesting that concurrent (persistent) negative NAO conditions may have contributed to the severity of that event. Monthly and winter averaged regional streamflow variability are also significantly correlated with the PNA index. This, along with results from previous studies, suggests that tropospheric wave character and associated North Pacific SST anomalies are also related to NE regional drought conditions.     

THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND MISSOURI RIVER WATER DEVELOPMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The construction of three Missouri River main stem dams, Garrison, Oahe and Fort Randall, and the related reservoir taking caused social and economic changes on five Indian reservations, Fort Berthold, Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, Crow Creek and Lower Brute. The inundation of Missouri River riparian lands caused the loss of important cultural, social and economic environments. Ninety percent of the reservations timber, seventy-five percent of its wildlife and most of the fertile cropland were in the reservoir taking area. Urban and more fertile environments downstream and to the east received most of the projects benefits. The Indian minority on the five reservations received few economic and social benefits after bearing a disporportionate share of the social and economic costs of the developments. Relocation was forced upon those who had the longest historic and cultural claim to the land. The social costs to the American Indian occasioned by the Missouri River water developments illustrates two broad areas seldom considered during the decision process. First, the unique historic, cultural or religious values of minorities affected by developments. Second, the disproportionate spacial allocation of both benefits and costs. The second item includes social, economic and cultural considerations in not just a geographic framework but a cultural framework as well.