含硫酸盐有机废水处理问题的探讨

本文分析硫酸盐对厌氧生物处理的不利影响,即硫酸盐通过硫酸盐还原菌对厌氧发酵的第一次抑制作用和硫酸盐的还原产物——硫化氢对产甲烷菌的第二次抑制作用.讨论决定硫酸盐对厌氧生物处理影响程度的几个因素:进水COD/SO_4~(2-)、重金属离子浓度、消化液pH、厌氧污泥浓度等,并认为COD/SO_4~(2-)是其中最主要的因素;最后对处理该类废水的几种方法进行了综述.     

基于不同内部构型特点的厌氧膜生物反应器中膜污染控制方法

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)结合了厌氧生物技术和膜过滤技术的优点,不仅污泥产量低、出水效果好、耐冲击负荷高,且可节省能源,在处理高浓度有机废水过程中由于其独特的优势而备受亲睐。膜污染问题一直是影响AnMBR经济性和稳定性的关键因素,目前关于膜污染的研究主要集中在膜污染的成因及控制方法上。膜污染的控制多采用优化操作运行条件和改变膜的表面形态等方法来实现,关于通过改变反应器内部构型来对膜污染进行控制的研究相对较少。综述了气流、液流冲刷膜表面,反应器中安装旋转膜组件以及采用膜振动等几个缓解厌氧膜生物反应器中膜污染的方法,总结了这些方法优点与不足之处,并从不同的角度加以比较,并在此基础上对今后膜污染控制方式的研究方向提出建议,有利于在实际应用中选取适宜的膜污染控制方式,拓展厌氧膜生物反应器应用前景。     

国产轻质陶粒用于厌氧滤池的特性研究

对国产轻质球形陶粒的理化性能、挂膜特性及用于塔式厌氧生物滤池处理有机废水的效果进行了研究 ,表明该种填料适于作厌氧微生物载体。在进水 CODCr为 3 0 0～ 40 0 0 mg/L、CODCr去除率≥ 70 %时 ,CODCr容积负荷为 1.3 8～ 8.0 kg CODCr/(m3·d)。尤为突出的是 ,对于处理 CODCr≤ 3 0 0 mg/L的低浓度有机废水 ,当水力负荷为 2 .12 m3/(m2 · d)时 ,CODCr容积负荷达到 1.3 8kg CODCr/(m3· d) ,CODCr去除率≥ 70 %。     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器的工艺运行性能

从抗冲击负荷、变换水质和间断运行等三个方面来考察厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器装置的稳定性。结果表明,启动成功后的EGSB反应器装置耐冲击,对不同水质的适应能力强,间断一段时间后重新启动迅速。     

厌/缺氧水体COD降解及氮转化规律小试研究

采用取自市区河道的河水,对有无流动两种工况下厌/缺氧水体(DO≤0.50 mg/L)COD降解和氮转化规律进行了小试研究.结果表明,无流动工况下COD＜60.0 mg/L时,即使DO≤0.50 mg/L,NH 4-N亦可依靠大气复氧发生缓慢氧化,并有TN损失,其可能途径是厌氧氨氧化;流动工况下,虽然DO≤0.50 mg/L,但COD和NH 4-N均能依靠大气复氧进行有氧降解,TN依然有损失.根据小试研究结果,认为在低DO条件下(≤0.50 mg/L)进行河道水质模拟时,需要考虑NH 4-N的氧化和TN的减少.     

Biogas production from olive pomace

Biogas production from a slurry obtained by mixing finely ground olive pomace in water was investigated using anaerobic digesters of 1-l working volume at 37°C. A start-up culture was obtained from a local landfill area and was adopted to the slurry within 10 days at this temperature. The biogas generation rates were determined by varying the total solids (TS) concentration in the slurry and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) during semi-continuous digestion. The maximum rate was found to be 0.70 l of biogas per l of digester volume per day, corresponding to a HRT of 20 days and 10% TS with a yield of 0.08 l biogas per g chemical oxygen demand (COD) added to the digester. The methane content of the biogas was in the range of 75–80% for both batch and semi-continuous runs, the remainder being principally carbon dioxide.     

Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition

The effect of fish waste (FW), abattoir wastewater (AW) and waste activated sludge (WAS) addition as co-substrates on the fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) anaerobic digestion performance was investigated under mesophilic conditions using four anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR) with the aim of finding the better co-substrate for the enhanced performance of co-digestion. The reactors were operated at an organic loading rate of 2.46–2.51 g volatile solids (VS) l⁻¹ d⁻¹, of which approximately 90% were from FVW, and a hydraulic retention time of 10 days. It was observed that AW and WAS additions with a ratio of 10% VS enhanced biogas yield by 51.5% and 43.8% and total volatile solids removal by 10% and 11.7%, respectively. However FW addition led to improvement of the process stability, as indicated by the low VFAs/Alkalinity ratio of 0.28, and permitted anaerobic digestion of FVW without chemical alkali addition. Despite a considerable decrease in the C/N ratio from 34.2 to 27.6, the addition of FW slightly improved the gas production yield (8.1%) compared to anaerobic digestion of FVW alone. A C/N ratio between 22 and 25 seemed to be better for anaerobic co-digestion of FVW with its co-substrates. The most significant factor for enhanced FVW digestion performance was the improved organic nitrogen content provided by the additional wastes. Consequently, the occurrence of an imbalance between the different groups of anaerobic bacteria which may take place in unstable anaerobic digestion of FVW could be prevented.     

Treatment of domestic wastewater using an anaerobic baffled reactor followed by a duckweed pond for agricultural purposes

The treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by a duckweed pond (DWP) were the main theme of the present study. The ABR was fed continuously with domestic wastewater at four HRTs ranging from 8 to 24 h and corresponds to organic loading rates ranging from 0.67 to 2.1 kg COD/m³/day. The ABR effluent was fed to a DWP operating at 10 and 15 days. The performance of the ABR at the four HRTs gave satisfactory results. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was between 68 and 82%. Fecal coliform removal was between 1 to 2 logs. The 12- and 18-h hydraulic retention times (HRTs) gave close results, as indication of the possible selection of the 12-h HRT as the optimum operation for the ABR based on economic advantage. The ABR compartmentalized structure gave results higher than those produced by the one-stage digester and similar to those produced by the two-phase anaerobic digestion process. Duckweed ponds as post-treatment operated at 10 days and 15 days gave the best results at 15-day HRT, where it was possible to remove 73.4% of nitrogen and 65% of phosphorus and produce protein-rich dry duckweed of 105 kg/ha/day on average. The removal of fecal coliform (FC) in duckweed ponds was 3–4 logs. The final treated domestic sewage characteristics proved its compliance with the Egyptian standards for reuse in restricted irrigation.     

Impact of PCB-118 and transformer oil toxicity on anaerobic digestion of sludge: Anaerobic toxicity assay results

In this study, possible toxicity of increasing doses of PCB-118 and transformer oil (TO) on anaerobic sludge digestion was investigated. For this purpose, five different sets of reactors were prepared in which four different PCB-118 concentration (1, 10, 20, and 30 mg L⁻¹) and three different TO concentration (0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 g L⁻¹) were applied. Throughout the study, biogas production and composition, pH, TS, VS, and COD as well as PCB concentration were monitored. Toxicity was investigated by anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) evaluating the reduction in methane production. A notable inhibition was observed mostly in 30 mg L⁻¹ PCB reactors. A negative influence of PCB-118 and TO was observed on COD and solids removal. A maximum of 26.5% PCB-118 removal was attained.     

Anaerobic degradation of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from river sediment in Taiwan

This study investigated the anaerobic degradation of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Erren River sediment in southern Taiwan. The degradation rates of PAH were in the order: acenaphthene > fluorene > phenanthrene > anthracene > pyrene. The degradation rate was enhanced when the five compounds were present simultaneously in river sediment. Comparison of the PAH degradation rates under three reducing conditions showed the following order: sulfate-reducing conditions > methanogenic conditions > nitrate-reducing conditions. The addition of electron donors (acetate, lactate and pyruvate) enhanced PAH degradation under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions. However, the addition of acetate, lactate or pyruvate inhibited PAH degradation under nitrate-reducing conditions. The addition of heavy metals, nonylphenol and phthalate esters (PAEs) inhibited PAH degradation. Our results show that sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogen and eubacteria are involved in the degradation of PAH; sulfate-reducing bacteria constitute a major microbial component in PAH degradation. Of the microorganism strains isolated from the sediment samples, we found that strain ER9 expressed the greatest biodegrading ability.