Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production

In this study, industrial and agro-industrial by-products and residues (BRs), animal manures (AMs), and various types of organic wastes (OWs) were analyzed to evaluate their suitability as substitutes for energy crops (ECs) in biogas production. A comparison between the costs of the volume of biogas that can be produced from each substrate was presented with respect to the prices of the substrates in the Italian market. Furthermore, four different feeding mixtures were compared with a mixture of EC and swine manure (Mixture A) used in a full-scale plant in Italy. Swine manure is always included as a basic substrate in the feeding mixtures, because many of the Italian biogas plants are connected to farms. When EC were partially substituted with BR (Mixture B), the cost (0.28 € Nm⁻³) of the volume of biogas of Mixture A dropped to 0.18 € Nm⁻³. Furthermore, when the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and olive oil sludge (OS) were used as possible solutions (Mixtures C and D), the costs of the volume of biogas were −0.20 and 0.11 € Nm⁻³, respectively. The negative price signifies that operators earn money for treating the waste. For the fifth mix (Mixture E) of the OFMSW with a high solid substrate, such as glycerin from biodiesel production, the resulting cost of the volume of biogas produced was −0.09 € Nm⁻³. By comparing these figures, it is evident that the biogas plants at farm level are good candidates for treating organic residues of both municipalities and the agro-industrial sector in a cost-effective way, and in providing territorially diffused electric and thermal power. This may represent a potential development for agrarian economy.     

SBR工艺在脂肪酸废水处理工程中的应用

应用以生化处理为主体的工艺：厌氧-SBR法处理脂肪酸废水，通过治理工程实例运行，结果表明：工艺简单，占地面积小、基建投资少、运行费用低，处理后的出水水质稳定、处理效率高。     

Review and prospect of emerging contaminants in waste – Key issues and challenges linked to their presence in waste treatment schemes: General aspects and focus on nanoparticles

The presence in waste of emerging pollutants (EPs), whose behaviours and effects are not well understood, may present unexpected health and environmental risks and risks for the treatment processes themselves. EP may include substances that are newly detected in the environment, substances already identified as risky and whose use in items is prohibited (but which may be present in old or imported product waste) or substances already known but whose recent use in products can cause problems during their future treatment as waste. Several scientific studies have been conducted to assess the presence of EP in waste, but they are mostly dedicated to a single category of substance or one particular waste treatment. In the absence of a comprehensive review focused on the impact of the presence of EP on waste treatment schemes, the authors present a review of the key issues associated with the treatment of waste containing emerging pollutants. This review presents the typologies of emerging pollutants that are potentially present in waste along with the major challenges for each treatment scheme (recycling, composting, digestion, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). All conventional treatment processes are affected by these new pollutants, and they were almost never originally designed to consider these substances. In addition to these general aspects, a comprehensive review of available data, projects and future R&D needs related to the impact of nanoparticles on waste treatment is presented as a case study.     

厌氧消化技术在城市垃圾处理应用中的制约因素

针对厌氧消化过程中有关城市垃圾的分选、厌氧发酵工艺、二次污染以及肥料的商品化等问题做了具体的分析。结果表明，在城市垃圾的管理体制和厌氧消化技术等方面都存在很多问题。作为有机资源的再利用方式，城市垃圾的大氧消化技术在我国将有着广阔的应用前景。     

ABR处理低浓度废水的污泥颗粒化研究

通过两个ABR反应器不同启动方式的对比,考察了污泥颗粒化的进程。试验以污水厂的厌氧污泥为对象,以颗粒污泥的粒径、形成特征等作为评价污泥颗粒化的指标,分析了控制进水CODcr浓度和改变水力停留时间两种运行方式对污泥颗粒化的影响。试验结果表明,两种启动运行方式均能够实现污泥的颗粒化,但在颗粒粒径和颗粒化程度上有所区别。培养出的颗粒污泥形状一般为球形或椭球形,直径在1 mm～2 mm。污泥结构紧密,表面较光滑,以丝状产甲烷菌为主。     

Methanogenic toxicity and continuous anaerobic treatment of wood processing effluents

Wood processing effluents contain different types of phenolic compounds, from simple monomers to high molecular weight (MW) polyphenolic polymers, that can inhibit wastewater treatment. This work presents a comparative study of the methanogenic toxicity produced by three wood processing effluents (hardboard, fiberboard and BKME (kraft mill effluent)) using Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus and Tepa as feedstock (the last one being a native Chilean tree species). This study evaluates the influence of non-adapted granular and adapted flocculent sludge on forest industrial wastewater treatment as well as continuous anaerobic biodegradation of hardboard processing effluent using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The adapted biomass (flocculent sludge) did not show any lag-phase signs. The 50% IC (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of methanogenic activity) was 4.3 g COD-effluent (chemical oxygen demand (COD)-of the effluent)/l and 2.8 g COD-effluent/l for the flocculent sludge and the granular sludge, respectively. The UASB system worked at low organic load rates (0.1-0.4 g COD/l d) with the COD removal ranging between 10 and 30%, and color removal did not occur under anaerobic conditions due to high MW. Indeed, the MW analysis indicates the presence of phenolic compounds over 25,000 Da in the anaerobic effluent.     

厌氧消化在纺织印染废水处理中的地位

纺织工业废水具有高浓度、高色度、高碱度、低BOD/COD比值的水质特性。近几年来对该污水采用了厌氧消化工艺,获得了良好的处理效果。本文对该污水处理系统工程中的厌氧消化技术进行小结和评价,从而确定了厌氧消化技术在纺织工业行业污水处理的地位。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理有机农药废水的实验研究

介绍了采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理农药废水的实验研究情况.当进水COD负荷在2.0～4.5 kg/(m3·d),ABR反应器对COD去除率可保持在70%～80%.反应器的处理效果随温度下降而降低,当系统温度由35 ℃下降至25 ℃时,反应器的COD去除率下降30%.采用适量出水回流可提高系统的去除效率,回流比控制为50%比不回流COD平均去除率可提高近25%,回流比过高将导致系统COD去除率下降.     

厌氧过程在厌氧－好氧工艺处理染料工业废水中的作用

采用厌氧－好氧工艺处理一种染料工业废水，在进水ＣＯＤ为１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度为５００倍时，厌氧段有机负荷（ＣＯＤ）小于５．３ｋｇ／（ｍ￣３·ｄ），水力停留时间６～１０ｈ，好氧段水力停留时间６．５ｈ的条件下，出水ＣＯＤ＜２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度＜５０倍，达到了排放标准。同时，还着重讨论了厌氧段在去除ＣＯＤ、色度以及提高废水在好氧条件下的可生化性方面的独特作用。     

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and landfill leachate in single-phase batch reactors

In order to investigate the effect of raw leachate on anaerobic digestion of food waste, co-digestions of food waste with raw leachate were carried out. A series of single-phase batch mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestions were performed at a food waste concentration of 41.8 g VS/L. The results showed that inhibition of biogas production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) occurred without raw leachate addition. A certain amount of raw leachate in the reactors effectively relieved acidic inhibition caused by VFA accumulation, and the system maintained stable with methane yield of 369–466 mL/g VS. Total ammonia nitrogen introduced into the digestion systems with initial 2000–3000 mgNH₄–N/L not only replenished nitrogen for bacterial growth, but also formed a buffer system with VFA to maintain a delicate biochemical balance between the acidogenic and methanogenic microorganisms. UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy data showed that food waste was completely degraded.We concluded that using raw leachate for supplement water addition and pH modifier on anaerobic digestion of food waste was effective. An appropriate fraction of leachate could stimulate methanogenic activity and enhance biogas production.