污泥与高浓度有机废物厌氧消化反应中的产气量

研究了高温／中温两相厌氧消化反应器系用以同时处理污泥与不同高浓度有机废物时产气及产甲烷的变化特性。结果表明，气体及甲烷主要是在第二段的中温消化反应器内产生。当中温消化反应器的有机负荷ＶＳ为１．６５￣３．１０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３ｄ时，稳态条件下的平均产气量为１．９５８￣４．０２０ｍ＾３／ｄ，气体中甲烷的平均组成为６５％￣７３％，甲烷的比产率为０．３９７￣０．５１１ｍ＾３／ｋｇＶＳ。     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.     

利用有机基质厌氧生物产氢的试验研究

对利用有机基质厌氧生物产氢过程进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,污泥种类、基质种类、基质浓度和起始 p H对厌氧产氢反应有显著影响。当校河底泥在以 2 0 g COD/L的果糖为基质 ,起始 p H为 6.5时 ,产氢效果最佳 ,停滞期仅为 5 h,产气速率高达5 0 .1m L/g VSS·h,且可持续 12 h,累积产气量高达 60 4.9m L/g VSS,其中氢气含量约为 5 0 %。半连续试验的结果表明 ,若及时更换和补充基质 ,适当调节 p H,就可实现持续产氢 ,在 16h内平均产气速率可达 60 .0 m L /g VSS· h,氢气含量约为 45 %。     

Dechlorination of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the sediment of Ise Bay

The relation between dechlorination activities of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and anaerobic microbial activity were studied in the sediment collected at three sites in Ise Bay in Japan. The degradation rate of spiked 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (3nmol ml⁻¹) ranged from 15 to 35 pmol day⁻¹ ml⁻¹ wet sediment and about 1/3 to 1/2 of degraded the trichlorobenzene was recovered as dechlorinated products. Among the dichlorobenzenes, the 1,2-isomer had the highest and 1,3-isomer had the lowest production rate. Comparing the three sampling sites, the trichlorobenzene degradation and dichlorobenzenes production rates were related to the sulfate reducing activity for the unit number of sulfate reducing bacteria. Production rates of dichlorobenzenes were completely inhibited by adding molybdate (20 mM), nitrate (60 mM), and formaldehyde solution (4 %). These results indicated that dechlorination activity in the Ise Bay sediment was supported by sulfate reduction activity in the sediment, and not supported by any other anaerobic microbial activity.     

Microcosm studies of microbial degradation in a coal tar distillate plume

Investigation of a groundwater plume containing up to 24 g l(-1) phenolic compounds suggested that over a period of nearly 50 years, little degradation had occurred despite the presence of a microbial community and electron acceptors within the core of the plume. In order to study the effect of contaminant concentration on degradation behaviour, laboratory microcosm experiments were performed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at four different concentrations obtained by diluting contaminated with uncontaminated groundwater. The microcosms contained groundwater with total phenols at ca. 200, 250, 660 and 5000 mg l(-1), and aquifer sediment that had been acclimatised within the plume for several months. The microcosms were operated for a period of 390-400 days along with sterile controls to ascertain whether degradation was microbially mediated or abiotic. Under aerobic conditions, degradation only occurred at concentrations up to 660 mg l(-1) total phenols. At phenol concentrations below 250 mg l(-1) a benzoquinone intermediate, thought to originate from the degradation of 2,5-dimethylphenol, was isolated and identified. This suggested an unusual degradative pathway for this compound; its aerobic degradation more commonly proceeding via catecholic intermediates. Under anaerobic conditions, degradation only occurred in the most dilute microcosm (total phenols 195 mg l(-1)) with a loss of p-cresol accompanied by a nonstoichiometric decrease in nitrate and sulphate. By inference, iron(III) from the sediment may also have been used as a terminal electron acceptor, in which case the amount of biologically available iron released was calculated as 1.07 mg Fe(III)/g of sediment. The study shows that natural attenuation is likely to be stimulated by dilution of the plume.     

废水厌氧处理研究前沿和趋势探讨

废水厌氧处理作为一种有竞争力的、经济的、日益成熟的生物处理工艺,是一种集环境保护、能源回收和生态良性循环于一体的技术,具有良好的社会、经济、环境效益,其研究和应用日益受到重视,工程化推广应用极其广泛。本文讨论了废水厌氧反应器的发展历程、厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术、两相生物反应器、高硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理技术,并对目前废水厌氧处理的热点问题及发展趋势进行了展望。     

纺织废水集中处理厂升级改造关键技术

某纺织废水集中处理厂接纳的主要废水为棉纺织、染整、洗毛、化工等综合性废水。这种废水成分复杂．污染程度高,混合废水CODCr质量浓度高达2000mg／L,pH值达13。为响应江苏省DB32／1072--2007《湖地区城镇地区水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》的新标准,研究了老污水厂升级改造的关键技术：首先采用清浊分流,将高浓度的退浆废水与洗毛废水经8d厌氧预处理,使CODCr质量浓度由8000mg／L降至1800mg／L．然后与印染废水混合,使调节池出水CODCr质量浓度从1600mg/L降至800mg／L左右;污泥量减少40％～50％;并深化曝气生物滤池处理工艺,采用气水联合反冲洗,节约80％反冲洗水,并使曝气生物滤池出水CODCr质量浓度稳定在60mg／L以下。     

基于厌氧氨氧化和中温亚硝化的可持续生物脱氮工艺

通过介绍厌氧氨氧化技术（ANAMMOX）和亚硝化技术（SHARON）在污水脱氯处理中的原理,着重从工艺特性分析以及控制因数方面介绍SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺,并通过与传统工艺的比较,指出SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺是可持续性处理工艺。     

城市生物质废物厌氧消化处理可行性分析

城市废物传统的处理方式主要包括卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥,而近年来,随着城市生活垃圾中生物质废物的增加以及世界能源短缺现象的加剧,具有废物处理和资源回收双重效益的生物质废物厌氧消化技术日益受到世界各国的广泛关注。文章分析了我国城市生物质废物的种类和性质,指出了采用目前的三种传统废物处理方式处理我国城市生物质废物的弊端,并提出了利用厌氧消化技术处理城市生物质废物的适用性,对比分析了上述四种废物处理方式的优缺点,并从政策方向性、技术工艺可靠性、原料和市场稳定性,以及环境、经济和社会效益优良性等多方面对城市生物质废物厌氧消化技术的可行性进行了分析,说明厌氧消化技术必将成为未来生物质废物资源化处理的发展趋势。     

气提-厌氧-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理聚酯废水

介绍了气提-厌氧-接触氧化-气浮处理工艺在聚酯废水工程中的实际应用,分析并总结了工程设计及运行的经验。实践表明,运用气提塔先对高浓度聚酯废水进行预处理,可以去除废水中对生化有毒性的醛类物质,保证后续生化处理的稳定运行。经气提-厌氧-接触氧化-气浮处理工艺处理后,废水中COD总的去除效率可达到98．7％以上,能够实现稳定达标排放。并可实现部分回用至生产过程。该工艺具有运行稳定和处理效率高等优点,为企业带来了良好的经济效益和社会效益。