Anammox: an option for ammonium removal in bioreactor landfills

Experiments carried out in bioreactor landfill simulators demonstrated that more than 40% of the total N was transferred into the liquid and gas phases during the incubation period of 380 days. Ammonium, an end product of protein degradation and important parameter to consider during landfill closure, tends to accumulate up to inhibitory levels in the leachate of landfills especially in landfills with leachate recirculation. Most efforts to remove ammonium from leachate have been focused on ex situ and partial in situ methods such as nitrification, denitrification and chemical precipitation. Besides minimal contributions from other N-removal processes, Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) bacteria were found to be active within the simulators. Anammox is considered to be an important contributor to remove N from the solid matrix. However, it was unclear how the necessary nitrite for Anammox metabolism was produced. Moreover, little is known about the nature of residual nitrogen in the waste mass and possible mechanisms to remove it. Intrusion of small quantities of O₂ is not only beneficial for the degradation process of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactor landfills but also significant for the development of the Anammox bacteria that contributed to the removal of ammonium. Volatilisation and Anammox activity were the main N removal mechanisms in these pilot-scale simulators. The results of these experiments bring new insights on the behaviour, evolution and fate of nitrogen from solid waste and present the first evidence of the existence of Anammox activity in bioreactor landfill simulators.     

Conversion of nitrogen and carbon in enriched paddy soil by denitrification coupled with anammox in a bioelectrochemical system

The aim of this study is to investigate conversion of nitrogen and COD in enriched paddy soil by nitrification coupled with anammox process in a dual chamber bioelectrochemical system. The paddy soil was enriched for denitrification coupled with anammox by microbial consortia and was acclimatized in the cathodic chamber of microbial fuel cells(MFCs). The bioelectrochemical systems were treated with different ammonium concentrations in the cathodic chamber: the MFC with low concentration ammonium...     

Performance of Anammox granular sludge bed reactor started up with nitrifying granular sludge

IntroductionTheanaerobicammoniaoxidation(Anammox)isanovelbiologicalreactionthatproducesmolecularnitrogenwithammoniaaselectrondonorandnitriteaselectronacceptor,respectively (vandeGraff,1995 ;1996 ) .Anammoxprocesshasbeenshowntobeapromisingwayofremovingnitr…     

Anammox enrichment from different conventional sludges

Three sets of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were used for Anammox enrichment from conventional sludges including upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, activated sludge, and anaerobic digestion sludge. After four months of operation, the Anammox activity occurred in all reactors allowing continuous removal of ammonium and nitrite. The morphology of the cultivated Anammox sludge was observed using scanning electron microscope. The photographs showed that the obtained culture was mostly spherical in shape, presumably Anammox culture. There were also filamentous-like bacteria co-existing in the system. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using 16S rRNA targeting oligonucleotide probes PLA46 and Amx820 showed that the dominant population developed in all SBRs was hybridized with both PLA46 and Amx820 gene probes. It means that the cultivated biomass in all SBRs was classified in the group of Planctomycetales bacteria with respect to the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Numerous time sequences were tested in this experiment. The shortest workable reaction time was found in the range from 5 to 7 h. Good quiescence of sludge was obtained at 30 min of settle period followed by a discharge period of 15 min. A long-term performance showed a near perfect removal of nitrite based on the influent NO2(-)-N concentration of 50-70 mg l(-1). The maximum ammonia removal efficiency was 80% with the influent NH4(+)-N concentration of 40-60 mg l(-1). It is, therefore, concluded that Anammox cultivation from conventional sludges was highly possible under control environment within four months.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

Simultaneous Fe(III) reduction and ammonia oxidation process in Anammox sludge

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the phenomenon in which ferric iron (Fe(III)) is reduced to ferrous iron [Fe(II)] in anaerobic environments, accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of ammonia to NO₂^-, NO₃^-, or N₂. However, studies on the relevant reaction characteristics and mechanisms are rare. Recently, in research on the effect of Fe(III) on the activity of Anammox sludge, excess ammonia oxidization has also been found. Hence, in the present study, Fe(III) was used to serve as the electron acceptor instead of NO₂^-, and the feasibility and characteristics of Anammox coupled to Fe(III) reduction (termed Feammox) were investigated. After 160days of cultivation, the conversion rate of ammonia in the reactor was above 80%, accompanied by the production of a large amount of NO₃^- and a small amount of NO₂^-. The total nitrogen removal rate was up to 71.8%. Furthermore, quantities of Fe(II) were detected in the sludge fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturated gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses further revealed that in the sludge, some Anammox bacteria were retained, and some microbes were enriched during the acclimatization process. We thus deduced that in Anammox sludge, Fe(III) reduction takes place together with ammonia oxidation to NO₂^- and NO₃^- along with the Anammox process.     

超声强化作用下厌氧氨氧化工艺启动运行性能

通过批式实验,得到超声波强化Anammox菌活性的最优工作参数,超声频率25kHz、超声时间3min、超声强度0.2 W/cm²,而后在此最优超声强化条件下采用固定床反应器接种传统活性污泥启动Anammox工艺.整个试验过程,温度维持在35℃.在启动阶段,水力停留时间（HRT）为2d,控制进水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度为70mg/L.反应器运行至第38d,首次表现Anammox活性.运行至53d时,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N去除速率和去除率分别为30.81,34.97mgN/（L·d）和88.03%、99.91%,总氮去除速率和去除率达60.34mgN/（L·d）和86.20%.R₁和R₂分别稳定在1.14和0.18.在负荷提升阶段（53~135d）,当进水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N负荷维持在最高值380mg/（L·d）时,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N平均去除效率分别为82.74%和97.89%.NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N最大去除速率分别为320.67和379.85mgN/（L·d）,最大总氮去除速率和去除率为698.00mgN/（L·d）和91.84%.负荷提高阶段末,R₁稳定在1.18左右,R₂接近于0.反应器内Anammox菌占主导,存在少量反硝化菌强化总氮去除.     

不同环境下Anammox工艺脱氮性能及菌群的迁移转化

为提高Anammox菌对各种操作条件的应变能力,扩大该技术在实际工程上的应用范围,对Anammox反应器在不同操作条件下的脱氮性能及其菌群的迁移转化规律进行试验性研究。292 d的实验数据表明,Anammox反应器在充足无机碳源环境、室温环境以及高盐环境下均可高效稳定的运行,且在室温为(23±2)℃、污泥量为22 g-MLSS/L下最高氮负荷达20.5 kg/m3.d,根据DNA结果,此阶段KU2约占反应器内所有菌群的75%,说明此类菌群对低温高负荷条件具有很强的生存性。此外,当进水盐度为30 g/L时,Anammox反应器仍可进行高效脱氮处理,而DNA结果显示,此阶段反应器内KU2所占比例降至36.5%,说明进水中的高盐度对KU2的富集具有消极意义。有关Anammox菌对高盐环境长期适应性及菌群变化的研究尚少,仍需进一步探讨。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及有机物浓度对其影响研究

鉴于反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌具有相似的生理特性,采用CSTR反应器研究了以异养反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化系统的可行性,并考察了其对高氨氮废水的处理潜能。反应器运行170 d后,试验结果表明,此方法可快速培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别可达99.20%和99.69%。在此基础上考察了有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化性能的影响,结果表明:低浓度(ρ(COD)≤150 mg/L)有机物可促进厌氧氨氧化活性,而高浓度(ρ(COD)≥200 mg/L)有机物抑制厌氧氨氧化进程,该系统最适ρ(COD)/ρ(NH_4~+-N)为2.14,此时NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为99.41%和99.65%。     

Insights into simultaneous anammox and denitrification system with short-term pyridine exposure: Process capability,inhibition kinetics and metabolic pathways

• Short-term effect of the pyridine exposure on the SAD process was investigated. • The SAA at 150 mg/L pyridine reduced by 56.7% of the maximum value. • Inhibition kinetics models and inhibitory parameters were indicated. • Collaboration of AnAOB, HDB and PDB promoted the SAD. • Possible metabolic pathways of nitrogen and pyridine were proposed. In-depth knowledge on the role of pyridine as a bottleneck restricting the successful application of anammox-based process treating refractory coking wastewater remains unknown. In this study, the effect of short-term pyridine addition on a simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) system fed with 25–150 mg/L pyridine was explored. The short-term operation showed that the highest total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was achieved at 25–50 mg/L of pyridine. As the pyridine addition increased, the contribution of the anammox pathway in nitrogen removal decreased from 99.3% to 79.1%, while the denitrification capability gradually improved. The specific anammox activity (SAA) at 150 mg/L pyridine decreased by 56.7% of the maximum SAA. The modified non-competitive inhibition model indicated that the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of pyridine on anammox was 84.18 mg/L and the substrate inhibition constant (K_i) of pyridine for self-degradation was 135.19 mg/L according to the Haldane model. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing confirmed the abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia as the amount of anammox species decreased, while the amounts of denitrifiers and pyridine degraders significantly increased as the pyridine stress increased. Finally, the possible pathways of nitrogen bioconversion and pyridine biodegradation in the SAD system were elucidated through metagenomic analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry results. The findings of this study enlarge the understanding of the removal mechanisms of complex nitrogenous pyridine-containing wastewater treated by the SAD process.