超声去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

采用超声辐照技术去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮.研究结果表明,超声辐照对垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮有很好的去除效果.渗滤液中氨氮超声去除的机理主要是氨氮以游离氨的形式在空化泡内发生高温热解反应,生成氮气和氢气而排出.     

复合生物滤池处理H2S和NH3的挂膜与工艺条件

采用复合生物滤池(生物滴滤池 生物过滤池)处理H2S和NH3组成的混合恶臭气体,填料分别为经表面改性的天然斜发沸石和木屑.实验研究了该工艺的驯化挂膜情况和主要工艺条件,结果表明,天然斜发沸石和木屑改性后,驯化挂膜周期为10～14 d,比文献中颗粒活性炭挂膜缩短14～18 d.复合生物滤池的最佳工艺条件为:高度120 cm,循环液流量4.56 L/h.同时,生物滴滤池处理水溶性好的NH3气体效果较生物过滤池好,而生物过滤池处理水溶性差的H2S气体较生物滴滤池好.因此,复合生物滤池可用于处理不同水溶性的混合恶臭气体.     

Nitrite and nitrate induced photodegradation of monolinuron in aqueous solution

Here we evidenced the photo-induced degradation of monolinuron, a phenylurea herbicide, through the 300–450 nm light excitation of nitrite and nitrate species. The degradation pathways were compared to those obtained under direct photolysis at 254 nm. When using NO₃^– and NO₂^– as photoinducers, hydroxyphenyl-substituted photodegradation products were found to be formed specifically through the involvement of OH° radicals. NO^– and NO₂-phenyl substituted compounds were also observed as a result of the production of NO° and NO₂° radicals. Half-lives of monolinuron in aqueous solutions were measured in various conditions of concentrations of substrate and inducer, oxygen content and pH.     

同时硝化反硝化的理论和实践

对同时硝化反硝化从物理学、微生物学和生物化学的角度做了理论分析，并对亚硝酸盐氮的同时硝化反硝化过程的影响因素进行了探讨，提出了今后的研究方向。     

膜接触器从混合气中脱氨性能的研究

采用中空纤维膜接触器进行了从模拟“铜洗再生气”中脱氨的研究,探讨了影响脱除效率的主要因素．试验表明:膜吸收法对混合气中的氨有很好的脱除效果,当混合气中氨的浓度为２０．０ｇ·Ｎｍ－３,膜组件的处理能力为５．１Ｎｎ３·ｍ－２·ｈ－１时,脱氨率大于９９．９%,即脱氨后氨的浓度低于０．０２ｇ·Ｎｍ－３．当组件内吸收液供应充足时,分离过程的传质阻力主要在膜和气体一侧．研究发现,当用挥发性水溶液(盐酸)作为吸收剂时,由于ＮＨ４Ｃｌ晶体的桥联作用导致疏水性微孔膜亲水化．     

Methane emissions of differently fed dairy cows and corresponding methane and nitrogen emissions from their manure during storage

This study investigated the effects of supplementing 40 g lauric acid (C₁₂) kg^-1 dry matter (DM) in feed on methane emissions from early-lactating dairy cows and the associated effects on methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia release from the manure during storage. Stearic acid (C₁₈), a fatty acid without assumed methane-suppressing potential in the digestive tract of ruminants, was added at 40 g kg^-1 DM to a control diet. The complete feed consisted of forage and concentrate in a ratio of 1.5:1 (DM basis). The manure was stored for 14 weeks either as complete slurry or, separately, as urine-rich slurry and farmyard manure representing two common storage systems. Methane release of the cows, as measured in respiratory chambers, was lower with C₁₂ by about 20%, but this was mostly resulting from a reduced feed intake and, partly, from a lower rate of fibre digestion. As milk yield declined less than feed intake, methane emission per kg of milk was significantly lower with C₁₂ (11.4 g) than with C₁₈ (14.0 g). Faeces of C₁₂-fed cows had a higher proportion of undigested fibre and accordingly methane release from their manure was higher compared with the manure obtained from the C₁₈-fed cows. Overall, manure-derived methane accounted for8.2% and 15.4% of total methane after 7 and 14 weeks of storage, respectively. The evolution of methane widely differed between manure types and dietary treatments, with a retarded onset of release in complete slurry particularly in the C₁₂ treatment. Emissions of nitrous oxide were lower in the manures from the C₁₂ treatment. This partially compensated for the higher methane release from the C₁₂ manure with respect to the greenhouse gas potential. The total greenhouse gas potential (cow and manure together) accounted for 8.7 and 10.5 kg equivalents of CO₂ cow^-1 d^-1with C₁₂ and C₁₈, respectively. At unaffected urine-N proportion ammonia and total nitrogen losses from stored manure were lower with C₁₂ than with C₁₈ corresponding to the differences in feed and nitrogen intake. The present results suggest that manure storage significantly contributes to total methane emission from dairy husbandry, and that the identification of effective dietary mitigation strategies has to consider both the digestive tract of the animals and the corresponding manure.     

零价铁对厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制解除的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固有机固体废弃物厌氧消化产甲烷效率的重要因素.本研究通过实验室批量实验,考察了微米级零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化的影响以及对高氨氮抑制解除的影响.结果表明,投加4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中的产甲烷速率、迟滞时间和产甲烷潜势等动力学特征均未有影响.但是,在高氨氮抑制的厌氧消化过程中, 4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)的零价铁投加可使厌氧消化受氨氮抑制的产甲烷迟滞时间由对照组的18.61 d分别缩短为17.22 d和16.18 d,最大产甲烷速率(以VS计)由对照组的6.34 mL·(d·g)~(-1)提升为7.84 mL·(d·g)~(-1)和7.39 mL·(d·g)~(-1).零价铁并未通过化学反应对厌氧消化的pH缓冲体系产生直接影响,而是使氨氮抑制后的产甲烷优势古菌Methanosarcina的相对丰度(27 d)由对照组的30.71%提升到53.50%和60.30%.本研究证明了零价铁并不能提升污泥产甲烷潜势,而只是在受抑制影响的厌氧消化过程中,刺激产甲烷微生物的代谢活性,强化如氨氮抑制影响的快速解除.     

基于好氧反硝化的SND生物滴滤塔除氨机制及微生物学分析

采用生物滴滤法除氨时,进气中的氧气会抑制生物反硝化,导致营养液中出现硝酸盐累积,不能真正实现氮素污染物的去除.本研究结合好氧反硝化理论,构建了同步硝化反硝化（SND）生物滴滤塔,探究了SND生物滴滤塔的除氨效率及氮转化规律,并采用16S rRNA技术解析了生物滴滤塔的微生物种群结构.结果表明,与对照生物滴滤塔相比,当停留时间为67 s时,SND生物滴滤塔可快速启动且除氨性能稳定,NH₃去除效率可达95%以上.当停留时间缩短为16 s时,SND生物滴滤塔的NH₃去除效率仍能达到90%,且具有较低的硝酸盐累积特征.高通量测序结果表明,SND生物滴滤塔具有更高的微生物多样性和稀有物种丰富度,其特有的优势菌属主要为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）.     

天然沸石定向合成A型分子筛及其脱氮性能

针对污水厂尾水深度脱氨问题,以河南巩义的天然沸石为起始原料,采用常压水热合成方法,选用4种不同的工艺方案合成A型分子筛,并对合成产物的吸附氨氮性能及其纯度、晶体结构、形貌特征、孔隙率等材料结构特征进行分析与表征,探讨天然沸石制备高效脱氨分子筛的合成方法.结果表明：与直接碱溶法制备硅源相比,碱熔融活化法对沸石原料硅的利用率较高,硅源纯化合成方案产物的氨氮吸附性能显著得到改善,平衡吸附量达20mg/g以上;其晶体形貌规整有序、杂质含量低、孔道通畅,有利于吸附扩散与传质过程.综合考虑硅源制备能耗、物耗及合成产物吸附性能,天然沸石合成A型分子筛适宜的工艺方案为碱溶纯化合成法.     

玉米淀粉废水短程硝化快速启动及其稳定性

采用SBR反应器,以玉米淀粉企业废水处理站厌氧段出水(C/N 0.93~1.53)为对象,研究了利用高温、高pH和低DO等抑制因素,快速启动短程硝化的方法;针对启动的短程硝化系统,进一步研究了取消高pH及高温抑制因素后系统短程硝化的稳定性及其控制策略.结果表明,控制温度为(30±1)℃、pH为7.8~8.2、正常硝化段DO为0.7~1.0 mg·L~(-1),同时结合pH和DO参数对硝化过程的在线控制,可以经过17个周期的驯化培养,快速启动短程硝化(NO_2~--N积累率超过80%);对于已启动的短程硝化系统,取消对高pH及高温的限制,在碱度充足、温度为23~24℃和正常硝化段DO为0.7~1.0 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,并结合对硝化过程的在线控制,最终可以获得NO_2~--N积累率超过98%的短程硝化长期稳定运行.先采用高温、高pH和低DO等抑制因素快速启动短程硝化,然后再取消对系统高pH及高温限制的控制策略,对于具备较高氨氮浓度和较高温度的现场玉米淀粉废水实现长期稳定的短程硝化具有现实意义.