Experimental verification for real-time environmental emergency response system: WSPEEDI by European tracer experiment

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed an emergency response system WSPEEDI to forecast long-range atmospheric dispersions of radionuclides discharged into the atmosphere. The latest version of WSPEEDI consists of an atmospheric dynamic model MM5 for calculating meteorological fields and a particle random-walk model for atmospheric dispersion. The performance of WSPEEDI was evaluated by data obtained from a field tracer experiment over Europe (ETEX) in this paper. The model validation was done with respect to the following points: (1) the dependence of model accuracy on the temporal and spatial resolutions of the meteorological fields and (2) the superiority of an atmospheric dynamic model over a mass-consistent wind model. Regarding (1), it was shown that the calculation accuracy of the new version with high temporal resolution was improved, especially at the edge of the plume. Moreover, although the increase in horizontal spatial resolution of the old version had no substantial effect on the model performance, increase in horizontal resolution of the new version contributed to the significant improvement of the calculation accuracy. These results showed that the dynamically calculated meteorological field with the spatial resolution of the meso-β–γ scale greatly improved calculation accuracy.     

The distribution of the chlorinated solvents dichloromethane,perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene in the global atmosphere

Dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene are commercially important chlorinated solvents whose health and environmental impacts are under scrutiny in the industrial world. Their distributions in the global atmosphere have been computed based on data from the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (RCEI) project using the Global Balance Environment (GLOBE) model, a 3-D radiative-dynamical-chemical model. Their atmospheric lifetimes, scaled to an observed methyl chloroform lifetime of 4.8 years, are 158 days, 105 days, and 4.3 days, respectively. They have strong interhemispheric gradients, with maximum zonal mean surface concentrations in the winter mid-latitude northern hemisphere of approximately 40 ppt, 9 ppt, and 2.5 ppt, respectively. Their spatial distributions show significant seasonal variability, and are sensitive to vertical mixing by cumulus convection and horizontal mixing by synoptic-scale turbulence. While the model interhemispheric exchange time (1.0 years) and computed atmospheric lifetimes are very sensitive to sub-grid scale diffusion, interhemispheric gradients of the chlorinated solvents are not. The simulated results suggest a greater importance for oceanic emissions of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene than has previously been assumed.     

土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数空间变异分析

土地利用类型是一种在自然和人类活动双重作用下的产物,具有不规则、相对不稳定性和复杂性特征,可以利用分形方法进行探讨;分形理论在土地结构研究中的应用涉及土地利用类型分数维的计算、土地利用结构分形研究方法、土地利用结构及其动态变化的分形描述、区域景观结构的分形模型等方面;但土地利用类型的分形机制的空间差异研究少见报道。综合考虑广东省的自然地理环境和社会经济发展状况,文章选择韶关、潮州、汕头、广州作为不同类型区域的代表,基于分形理论计算了耕地、园地、林地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、道路用地、水体和未利用土地8种地类分维值(D)和稳定性指数(Si)以及平均分维值和稳定性指数,从影响土地利用结构的地貌和人文因素两个方面出发,对比和分析了地域之间的D值、Si值的关系,并从中得到了D值和Si值的变化规律。结果表明:(1)复杂的地貌类型是影响土地利用类型D值和Si值的最主要因素;(2)社会经济发展水平一定程度上影响土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数;(3)区域土地利用类型的平均分维值、稳定性指数的大小是土地利用结构的综合反映。     

全球升温下中国温度区域变化的稳定性

利用中国气象中心160站点的气温观测资料,对中国20世纪后半期的气温变化进行方差分析,结果发现气温变化幅度有显著的纬度效应:纬度越高,方差值越大,说明气温变化的幅度也越大。在季节上,气温变化幅度差异显著,普遍是冬季大,夏季小。气温变化幅度的纬度效应在区域分布上,冬季的纬度效应出现在35°N以北,35°N以南不存在纬度效应;夏季的纬度效应表现在34°N以南,34°N以北没有明显的纬度效应。30°N～35°N之间的地带是冬夏季节差异最小的地带,从这一地带开始,不管往南还是往北,气温变化的季节差异都趋于增大。这种格局与我国升温的区域分布是一致的,说明我国最近半个世纪以来的气温变化是持续升高的。最后对气温变化的区域差别进行了机制上的探讨。     

Atmospheric particulate matter and air quality in the Mediterranean: a review

This article synthesises the results obtained in several projects on atmospheric aerosol (particulate matter – PM) pollution developed during the last years in the Western Mediterranean. It focuses on particulate matter sources and the strategies for suitable monitoring in ambient air. The article has been structured in several sections that give response to the main questions that prompted these studies. After analysing the main PM features in the Mediterranean, a brief review of the main factors differentiating the particulate matter composition with respect to Central Europe is presented. Finally, the suitability of the different metrics or parameters for monitoring ambient air PM levels in different types of environments is discussed. Selected article from the 6th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro organized by Prof. Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic (www.research.plymouth.ac.uk/ace).     

天津市高架点源对城区空气质量影响分析

从典型高架点源到城市众多高架源的污染进行综合分析，阐述了高架点源的污染分布特征和对城市空气质量的影响，高架点源对天津市污染物排放贡献率为45％，但对城市空气质量影响为12％。     

氧化法制备聚合氯化铁絮凝剂的氧化速率及其形态分布

采用氧化法制备聚合氯化铁絮凝剂，论述了不同亚铁溶液中氧化水解动力学、氧化过程PH值变化以及不同反应过程对聚合氯化铁形态分布的影响；结果表明，氯化亚铁溶液的氧化速率主要受溶液的含酸量和三价铁离子的水解聚合反应的协同效应的影响，当溶液酸量达到最低点时，亚铁氧化速度也将降至最慢；通过形态分布、稳定性及氧化速度的研究确定了制备聚合氯化铁的最佳条件。     

A One-Equation Turbulence Model for Geophysical Applications: Comparison with Data and the k−ε Model

A one-equation turbulence model is presented, in which the turbulent kinetic energy k is calculated with a transport equation whereas the turbulent length scale l is calculated with an algebraic expression. The value of l depends on the local stratification and reduces to the classical |z| scaling for unstratified flows near a wall, where |z| is the distance to the wall. The length scale decreases during stable stratification, and increases for unstable stratification compared to the neutral case. In the limit of strong stable stratification, the so-called buoyancy length scale proportional to k ^1/2 N ^–1 is obtained, where N is the buoyancy frequency. The length scale formulation introduces a single model parameter which is calibrated against experimental data. The model is verified extensively against laboratory measurements and oceanic data, and comparisons are made with the two-equation k- model. It is shown that the performance of the proposed k model is almost identical to that of the k- model. In addition, the stability functions of Launder are revisited and adjusted to obtain better agreement with recent data.     

虚拟生态产业链的稳定性研究

以虚拟产业链的稳定性作为研究的着力点,对影响虚拟产业链的稳定性的风险因素进行分析,其中包括市场风险因素、技术成本风险因素、交易风险因素等,针对这些影响因素,并给出风险防范体系,即虚拟产业链的风险防范内生体系和外生体系:内生体系是指在虚拟产业链的本身内部网络中建立的风险防范机制、对策、方法措施等,如检查机制、激励机制、利润/风险分担机制和清算机制,而外生体系是指对虚拟生态产业链的风险起防范作用的法律法规、信用和传媒等社会体系的总和。从而从生态产业链内外部整体资源的协同利用和利益相关者的协同效用两方面来提高虚拟产业链的稳定性。     

聚合铝的形态稳定性及其动电特性的研究

本文采用改进的Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ快速测定法研究了混凝过程中铝盐与聚合铝水解形态的转化规律及稳定性，并对混凝反应过程中铝与聚合铝溶解－沉淀形态分布与理论溶解度进行了对比，同时采用流动电流技术直接测定了铝盐与聚合铝絮凝剂的荷电状况，最后对发生在混凝过程中铝与聚合铝最佳凝聚形态进行了讨论。