Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

现场测定煤层透气性系数计算方法的优化研究

为深入分析瓦斯在煤层内流动的阻力特性,根据煤层瓦斯径向不稳定流动理论,探讨煤层透气性系数的本质内涵及物理意义,指出其现场应用过程中存在的不足。基于无因次流量准数Y和时间准数F0之间的关系,对系数a,b值进行修正,提出透气性系数公式的优化计算方法。给出对比2种计算方法的现场应用实例。结果表明,优化方法的计算过程不必采用试算,计算结果的相对误差小于2%,可满足现场应用的实际要求。依据现场测定值可计算出AB的区间范围,据此可直接选择相应公式计算煤层透气性系数。     

基于互相关时差法的核电安全壳泄漏定位方法研究

目的 基于声发射检测原理,探究一种适用于核电安全壳的泄漏定位方法。方法 首先,开展安全壳结构的声波传播特性研究;其次,基于时频分析,对安全壳泄漏产生的声信号进行滤波预处理,基于分布式传感网络,利用互相关系数曲线,估计不同传感器信号时延;最后,采用双曲线法,对泄漏源进行定位,得到定位观测点,对观测点进行离散系数加权,得到预测泄漏源位置。结果 安全壳上波速平均值为3 026.2 m/s,泄漏声信号的频带主要集中在15~80 kHz,没有明显的时域特征。采用该方法对模拟安全壳上的泄漏源进行定位,平均定位误差为4.31 cm。结论 安全壳上周向和轴向的波速差异不大,可近似认为是各项同性的。基于离散系数加权的互相关时差法定位效果良好,满足安全壳结构泄漏定位需求。     

中国生猪耗粮系数时空演变特征

当代中国,生猪饲料粮的生产与消费已经逐渐成为影响我国粮食安全保障的重要问题。耗粮系数是合理测算饲料粮需求量的核心,厘清其时空演变特征对准确测算饲料粮数量具有重要意义。通过着重测算2000—2018年中国不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数,探讨其时空演变特征及可能原因,得到以下主要结论：（1）近年来我国生猪耗粮系数呈现出明显的上升趋势,由2000年的2.39上升至2018年的2.76,年均增长0.023。（2）不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数的差距逐渐缩小,主要受到饲养过程中使用的精饲料占比变化趋同的影响。（3）大规模饲养生猪的粮食转化效率和时间效率均高于其他规模。（4）散养生猪的耗粮系数在空间上呈现“南北高,中部低”,其他规模则呈现“北高南低,中部高东西低”的格局。从提高粮食利用效率的角度,我国生猪养殖宜继续推动大规模饲养。     

浏阳河长沙段CODMn、NH3-N和TP综合降解系数研究

采用现场水团追踪法,研究了浏阳河长沙段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP的综合降解系数与河段水流流速之间的相关关系,并通过河段历史水文和水质监测数据对所建立的相关方程进行了验证.结果表明,浏阳河长沙段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP的综合降解系数与流速之间呈明显的线性相关关系,相关方程形式分别为K（COD_Mn）=0.037+0.635v、K（NH₃-N）=0.059+0.315v和K（TP）=0.004+0.140v.所建立的线性相关方程对研究河段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP浓度预测结果的决定系数均大于0.90、相对均方根误差均小于0.10.受风浪作用、紊动水流和弯道环流的影响,当流速小于0.35m/s时,顺直河段的污染物综合降解系数均大于弯曲河段的污染物综合降解系数;当流速大于0.46m/s时,弯曲河段污染物综合降解系数均大于顺直河段的污染物综合降解系数.研究成果对浏阳河长沙段水质管理与水环境保护具有重要的参考价值.     

京津冀“以电代煤”替代大气污染物排放清单

本研究建立了基于人工神经网络的民用散煤燃用量估算模型,得到了京津冀地区“以电代煤”替代民用散煤大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：截止到2018年,京津冀地区“以电代煤”替代散煤用户约259万户,每年可减少散煤燃烧约706.6万t,减少PM_2.5、NO_x、SO₂的排放量分别约为2.81,0.76,2.17万t.其中,北京市和天津市实施效果较为明显,占京津冀地区“以电代煤”散煤替代总量的62.01%和22.82%.基于调研数据得到京津冀各市燃煤量月分布系数,1月份分布系数最大,燃煤量占比为27%~40%.     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

高温高湿巷道内不稳定换热系数影响因素分析及模型建立*

为研究高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的变化规律,采用Fluent软件对高温高湿巷道内的热湿交换进行数值模拟,通过单因素和正交模拟实验探讨风流温度、风流速度、岩石导热系数、原岩温度以及巷道当量直径对高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数随时间的变化规律与普通巷道一致,均与通风时间呈负相关,但通风时间为1 a的高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数较普通巷道增加了12.5%。通过单因素分析得到风流速度、岩石导热系数和当量直径与不稳定换热系数呈正相关。通过极差分析得到各因素对不稳定换热系数的影响程度为:岩石导热系数>当量直径>风流速度>风流温度>原岩温度。利用SPSS软件对正交实验数据进行拟合,建立不稳定换热系数的计算模型,拟为高温高湿巷道内热负荷计算及井下风温预测提供参考。     

粉煤灰对垃圾填埋场黄土垫层的改性试验

通过击实、渗透试验得到粉煤灰改性-黄土的最佳配比为10%。对压实黄土和压实粉煤灰改性-黄土,分别用清水和渗滤液进行室内渗透试验,结果表明:渗滤液在压实粉煤灰改性黄土中的渗透系数≤1.0×10-7cm/s,在压实黄土中的渗透系数≤1.0×10-5cm/s,前者可作为填埋场防渗垫层,后者可作为填埋场防渗保护垫层。对COD、NH3-N的去除效果前者优于后者。     

大气封闭型扩散浓度估算模式细探

从大气封闭型扩散实际反射路径分析入手,引入上下边界不同的反射率与污染物衰减系数,得出比以往公式更具一般意义的大气封闭型扩散的污染物浓度估算公式,特别适用于边界具有一定吸收能力与污染物质有衰减的情况,从而有效改进污染贡献的估算精度.文中展示的示意图,纠正了以往示意图的错误.